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. 2023 Jan 19;57(4):1568–1575. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05932

Table 1. Three Questions to Ask for Essential-Use Determinations and Their Rationale.

question rationale
Is the function of the chemical necessary for the product? Some functions are nice to have but not essential to the product and can thus be removed relatively easily.a
Is use of the chemical the safest feasible option? Sometimes safer alternatives are already available, which could be safer chemicals, materials, products, or processes.b,c To be clear, identifying the “safest” option is not required to answer “no” to this question; one only needs to identify an alternative that is safer than the chemical of concern.
Is use of the chemical justified because such use in the product is necessary for health, safety, or the functioning of society? This question addresses the combination of function, chemical, and product to assess whether the use is necessary. It is not intended to address the essentiality of the product by itself.
a

From ref (22).

b

From ref (68).

c

From ref (47).