Table 1.
PICOSa.
| Authors | Participants | Experimental intervention (as opposed to traditional care) | Results (compared with control group) | Medical outcomes reported (plainly stated) | Study design |
| Bao et al [28], 2022 | Adults aged 18-60 years treated for TBb in clinic; 57.1% male; 100% Chinese | mHealthc (WeChat) for pulmonary TB self-management | Increase in self-care management behaviors (self-efficacy; P<.001), increase in TB knowledge awareness, self-efficacy, social support, and degree of satisfaction with health education (P<.001) compared with routine, in-person care in the clinic | Increase in self-efficacy, TB knowledge, social support, and degree of satisfaction with health knowledge | RCTd |
| Bendtsen et al [29], 2022 | Adults; average age, 45 years; 58% female | mHealth app for self-reporting of alcohol consumption | Decreased drinking (P=.03) more than the control group (traditional counseling); changed behavior | Decreased drinking and changed behavior | RCT |
| Bhandari et al [30], 2022 | Adults with hypertension; average age 50.5 (SD 9.21) years; 44.5% female | mHealth SMS (TEXT4BP) to improve blood pressure | Decreased diastolic BPe (P<.001), systolic (P<.001) and increase in therapy compliance (P<.001), medication adherence (P=.02), and knowledge (P=.01) over the control (usual treatment) | Decreased BP, increased therapy compliance, increased medication adherence, increase in hypertension knowledge | RCT |
| Catuara-Solarz et al [31], 2022 | Adults with high levels of perceived stress; average age 39.9 (SD 6.11) years; 54% male | mHealth app for mental health | Decrease in anxiety (P=.04), resilience (P<.001), sleep (P=.01), mental well-being (P=.02), and stress (P=.20) relative to the control group | Decreased anxiety, increased resilience, increased sleep, increased mental well-being, and decreased stress | RCT |
| Choi et al [32], 2022 | Young adult males; average age 21.67 (SD 1.81) years; 74.2% White | Digital HIV intervention (myDex) | Increase in education (P=.003), decrease in loneliness (P=.004), lower experience of web-based discrimination (P=.007), but no difference in behavior at 90-day follow-up; changed dangerous sexual behavior | Increase in education, decrease in loneliness, decrease in web-based discrimination, decreased dangerous sexual behavior but not significantly | RCT |
| Dalli et al [33], 2022 | Adults with acute coronary syndrome; average age 56, (SD 9.4) years; 91.5% male | Cardiac telerehabilitation | Increased mean VO2maxf (P=.004), decreased apoB/apoA-Ig ratio (P=.02), increase in physical activity, and return to work was reduced with intervention | Increased VO2max, decrease in apoB/apoA-I, and increase in physical activity | RCT |
| do Amaral et al [34], 2022 | Adults going through smoking cessation; average age 45.7 (SD 12.8) years; 65% female | mHealth SMS for smoking cessation | Costs were lower (P<.001) and continuous abstinence reported by both groups | Decreased smoking (continuous abstinence) | RCT |
| Fernandez et al [35], 2022 | Adults calling the 2-1-1 call center for cancer-control and other needs; average age 45.5 (SD 12.4) years; 93.5% female; 43.8% Black | Telephone navigation service | Intervention resulted in greater completion of needed service (P=.04), Papanicolaou test (P=.02), and smoking cessation (P=.04); other areas were improved, but not statistically significant | Greater completion rates, more Papanicolaou tests, greater smoking cessation, completed mammograms, colorectal cancer screening and HPVh vaccinations | RCT |
| Guillaumier et al [36], 2022 | Adult person who has had a stroke; average age 67.5 (SD 12) years; 65% male | eHealth app (Prevent 2nd Stroke, P2S) | QoLi significantly higher for intervention (P=.02), reported no problems with personal care (P=.04) and usual activities (P=.03) | Increased QoL, increased self-efficacy, and increased usual activities | RCT |
| Gustafson et al [37], 2022 | Adults aged >65 years; average age 76.5 (SD 7.4) years; 74% female; 89% White | eHealth app (ElderTree) | Improved depression (ORj –0.20; P=.03) and overall mental-health QoL (OR 0.32; P=.007) more than the control group | Decreased depression, increased mental health, and increased QoL | RCT |
| Huggins et al [38], 2022 | Older adults recovering from cancer; average age 63.2 (SD 9.9) years; 62% male | Telephone or electronic nutrition counseling | No statistical difference in QALYsk than treatment as usual | Increased QALYs | RCT |
| Itoh et al [39], 2022 | Adults; average age 47.4 (SD 11.3) years; 56.3% male | mHealth app for patient education and strengthening exercise therapy | Intervention group reported less back pain (P=.04), higher QoL (P=.03), and less fear of movement at week 12 (P=.04) | Less back pain, improved QoL, and less fear of movement | RCT |
| Jamali et al [40], 2022 | Children with autism spectrum disorder aged 4-12 years; average age 8.28 (SD 2.57) years; and their parents aged >18 years; average age 37.48 (SD 5.36) years; mostly male | WhatsApp coaching intervention | Intervention group shows greater improvement in occupational performance, specified goals, and behavioral problems | Improved occupational performance, improved specified goals, and improved behavioral problems | RCT |
| Leong et al [41], 2022 | Older adults; average age 58.6 (SD 44.6) years; 68.5% male | Social media–delivered patient education | Change in HbA1cl not significant, intervention group showed positive improvements in attitudes (P<.001) and self-care activities (P=.03); low health literacy contributed to baseline knowledge (P=.01) | Improve HbA1c, increase in self-efficacy, and increase in attitude | RCT |
| María Gómez et al [42], 2022 | Adults with type 2 diabetes; average age 59.6 (SD 11.7) years; 54.6% male | mHealth app (DM2) | Lower HbA1c levels in intervention group, decreased incidence of hypoglycemia 3.00 mmol/L and severe hypoglycemia | Decreased HbA1c, decreased incidence of hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia | RCT |
| Mathiasen et al [43], 2022 | Adults; average age 35 (SD 14.1) years; aged 18-71 years; 74% female | Internet-based CBTm | Therapy compliance not as statistically high as TAUn, decreases in depression not as statistically much as TAU | Maintained therapy compliance and decreased symptoms of depression comparable with treatment as usual | RCT |
| Molavynejad et al [44], 2022 | Adults with type 2 diabetes; average age 47.37 (SD 7.07) years; 50.4% male | Video telecare education | Mean changes of patients’ weight, glycemic parameters, and lipid profiles decreased more in the 2 educational groups than the control group | Lost weight, lower glycemic parameters, and lower lipid profiles | RCT |
| Morcillo-Muñoz et al [45], 2022 | Adults with chronic pain; average age 54.8 (SD 10.7) years; 80% female | Web-based psychosocial chronic pain therapy | Intervention group showed lower catastrophizing (P<.001), less helplessness (P=.002), improved rumination (P<.001), acceptance (P=.001), QoL (P=.002) over the control; no significant changes reported in magnification and satisfaction with health | Improved catastrophizing, helplessness, rumination, acceptance, and QoL; improvements were also noted in magnification and satisfaction, but these were not statistically significant | RCT |
| Muschol et al [46], 2022 | Adults undergoing follow-up for orthopedic and trauma surgery | Telephone video consultations | The participants from the intervention group reported higher satisfaction, but it was not statistically significant (P=.69) | Improved satisfaction | RCT |
| Nagamitsu et al [47], 2022 | Adolescents aged 13-18 years | iCBTo | Intervention group reported reduced scores for depressive symptoms and suicide ideation, increase in health promotion, and improved self-monitoring skills to reduce depressive symptoms | Improved depression, less suicide ideation, and more self-efficacy and health promotion | RCT |
| Ni et al [48], 2022 | Adults with coronary heart disease; average age 61 (SD 11) years; 80.1% male | mHealth (WeChat and Message Express) to improve medication adherence | Intervention group showed increase in medication adherence and decrease in systolic BP | Increased medication adherence and decrease in BP | RCT |
| Pires et al [49], 2022 | Adults with type 2 diabetes; average age 43 (SD 8.3) years; 55% female | mHealth app for diabetes management | Intervention group decreased the prevalence of T2DMp and intermediate hyperglycemia | Improved symptoms of T2DM | RCT |
| Pischke et al [50], 2022 | Older adults aged ≥60 and 65-75 years; average age 68.7 years; majority female | eHealth physical activity intervention | Intervention showed increased MVPAq | Increased activity | RCT |
| Roddy et al [51], 2022 | Adults with type 2 diabetes; average age 56 (SD 9.5) years; 54% female | mHealth (FAMSr) for glycemic control | Family involvement helped decrease HbA1c | Decreased HbA1c | RCT |
| Sahin et al [52], 2022 | Adults aged ≥60 years who recently underwent knee replacement; average age 66.8 years; | Telerehabilitation for patient with knee replacements | Intervention group demonstrated improvements in movement on the BIs (P<.001) | Improved physical function of knee | RCT |
| Sarker et al [53], 2022 | Adults aged >18 years with CKDt ; average age 57.97 (SD 15.03) years; 71% female |
mHealth disease education | Intervention group demonstrated lower diastolic BP, lower BMI, and lower salt intake | Improved diet, decreased BMI, reduced BP | RCT |
| Seib et al [54], 2022 | Adults with breast, blood, and gynecologic cancer; average age 52.6 (SD 9.4) years; 100% female; 95% breast cancer | eHealth cancer intervention | Intervention group demonstrated improved general health, bodily pain, vitality, and global physical and mental health scores | Improved physical and mental health, decreased pain, increased vitality | RCT |
| Skvortsova et al [55], 2022 | Adults aged≥18 years; average age 24 (SD 6.79) years | mHealth physical activity intervention | Intervention participants increased daily step count (P<.001) | Increased activity | RCT |
| Stephenson et al [56], 2022 | Adult males with HIV; average age 30.4 years; 75% White; 100% male (as assigned at birth) | Telehealth couples counseling and testing | Couples in the intervention group reported safer sexual agreements (P=.007), lower odds of discordant relationships (P=.048), and lower odds of breaking their sexual agreement (P<.001) | Decreased interpersonal problems | RCT |
| Thesen et al [57], 2022 | Adults with noncardiac chest pain; average age 52 years; 54% female | iCBT | Intervention group demonstrated improvements in cardiac anxiety (P=.004), and a nonsignificant improvement in fear of bodily sensations (P=.07). Improvement in health-related QoL (P=.004), increase in physical activity (P<.001), improvement in depression (P=.03) | Improvement in cardiac anxiety, increased health-related QoL, increased physical activity, improved depression | RCT |
| Xia et al [58], 2022 | Adults with type 2 diabetes; 63.5% male | WeChat+T2DM (TangPlan) to support patients with type 2 diabetes | The intervention group demonstrated improved fasting blood glucose, FBGu (P=.048), HbA1c (P<.001), body weight (P=.006), systolic BP (P=.005), diastolic BP (P=.03), serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=.006), and cholesterol mean (P=.02) | Improved FBG, HbA1c, weight, systolic and diastolic BP, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and cholesterol mean | RCT |
| Zeng et al [59], 2022 | Adults with HIV; 92.3% male (as assigned at birth); 100% Chinese; average age 27.5 years | mHealth WeChat app (Run4Love) | Increased QoL through positive coping (P=.006) over control | Increased QoL | RCT |
| Zhang et al [60], 2022 | Adults recovering from cancer; average age 57.6 (SD 12.6) years; 75% male | mHealth questionnaires with follow-up | Intervention group showed fewer irAEsv (P=.01), fewer EDw visits (P=.01), lower rate of treatment discontinuation (P=.02), higher QoL (P=.001), and less time implementing follow-up (P=.28) | Fewer irAEs, fewer ED visits, better treatment engagement, higher QoL, better follow-up | RCT |
aPICOS: Participants, Intervention, Comparison (to control), Outcome (medical), Study Design.
bTB: tuberculosis.
cmHealth: mobile health.
dRCT: randomized controlled trial.
eBP: blood pressure.
fVO2max: maximum oxygen consumption.
gapoB/apoA-I: comparison of bad cholesterol with good cholesterol.
hHPV: human papillomavirus.
iQoL: quality of life.
jOR: odds ratio.
kQALY: quality-adjusted life year.
lHbA1c: average blood sugar over last 3 months.
mCBT: cognitive behavioral therapy.
nTAU: treatment as usual.
oiCBT: internet-based, cognitive behavioral therapy.
pT2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
qMVPA: moderate to vigorous physical activity.
rFAMS: family-focused add-on to motivate self-care.
sBI: Barthal index.
tCKD: chronic kidney disease.
uFBG: fasting blood glucose.
virAE: immune-related adverse event.
wED: emergency department.