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Chemiosmotic energy coupling. Electrogenic proton extrusion by the respiratory chain generates an electrochemical gradient of protons ΔμH+ (proton potential), composed of a pH gradient (inside alkaline) and a membrane potential (inside negative). Proton flow into the cytoplasm via FOF1-ATP synthase energizes formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) and, via cotransport systems, drives active uptake (symport) or extrusion (antiport) of various substrates (S).
