Growth rates of E. hirae strains as a function of medium pH. Cells were grown in medium KTY (high K+, low Na+) (A) and medium NaTY (high Na+, low K+) (B). Symbols: ○, strain 9790 (wild type); •, strain AS25 (proton ATPase mutant); ■, strain Nak1 (sodium ATPase mutant); ▴, strain 9790 in the presence of gramicidin D.