Table 1.
Drugs and clinical therapies targeting innate immune cells.
| Innate immune cell types | Mechanism | Drugs or therapeutics in immunotherapy | ClinicalTrails.gov Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| Macrophages | Reducing the numbers | Emactuzumab (RG7155)(8) | NCT02323191 |
| IMC-CS4 (9) | LY3022855 | ||
| Preventing recruitment | CCR2 inhibitor (PF-04136309)(10) |
NCT01413022 | |
| Dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonists (BMS-813160)(11) | NCT03496662, NCT03767582, NCT04123379, NCT02996110 | ||
| Enhancing the phagocytic killing ability | PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors(14) | Marketed | |
| CD47 inhibitor (Hu5F9-G4)(12) | NCT04541017, NCT02953782 | ||
| CD40 antibody (Selicrelumab)(13) | NCT02304393, NCT03424005, NCT03193190, NCT03555149 | ||
| Trastuzumab(15) | Marketed | ||
| Targeting the surface molecules | IDO inhibitors(16) | NCT02073123 | |
| Others | CAR-M(17) | Preclinical studies | |
| Neutrophils | Reducing the numbers | Ly6G(35, 36) | Preclinical studies |
| TARIL-R2 (DS-8273a)(37) | NCT02991196 | ||
| Inhibiting the accumulation at tumor sites | Reparixin(38) | NCT02001974 | |
| CD47-SIRPα antibody(39) | NCT02216409, NCT03717103, NCT02367196… | ||
| Changing the functional phenotype | Galunisertib (LY2157299)(40) | NCT02452008, NCT02688712, NCT04605562 | |
| Fresolimumab (GC1008)(40) | NCT01472731, NCT01112293 | ||
| Targeting the inhibitory effect | INCB001158 (Incyte Corporation)(41) | NCT02903914, NCT03314935 | |
| IPH5401 (Innate Pharma)(42) | NCT03665129 | ||
| NK cells | Enhancing killing ability | ALT803(54, 55) | NCT01885897, NCT01885897 |
| CTLA-4(58) | NCT01843374 | ||
| Others | NK cell adoptive immunotherapy(59) | NCT02271711 | |
| CAR-NK(60) | NCT00995137, NCT01974479, NCT02742727, NCT02944162, NCT02892695, NCT02839954 | ||
| DCs | Activation in vivo | VEGF inhibitors(73, 74) | Preclinical studies |
| Expansion in vivo | Flt3L(75) | Preclinical studies | |
| DC vaccines | DCVax-L(76, 77) | NCT00045968 | |
| MDSCs | Inducing the differentiation into mature myeloid cells | ATRA(81, 82) | NCT00617409 |
| Reducing/Consuming the numbers | 5-Fu, paclitaxel, cisplatin and gemcitabine(83–85) | Marketed | |
| tyrosine kinase inhibitors(86, 87) | NCT02868255 | ||
| Inhibiting the immunosuppressive activity | COX-2/PGE2 inhibitors(88) | Preclinical studies |