Table 1:
Characteristics of the studies of the anxiety and depressive symptoms of COVID-19 pandemic among general population of India.
| Author/ Period of study |
Study setting and design | Male/Female | Age in years (Mean±SD)/Range |
Sample size/ Sampling method |
Survey tools | Depression % (n/N) |
Anxiety % (n/N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pandey et al.[11] March 24–April 11, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
582/805 | 25.0±10.2 | 1387/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 16.6% (232/1387) |
14.3% (199/1387) |
| Bhowmick et al.[12] April 18–May 3, 2020 |
West Bengal/ Online survey |
182/171/2 others | 18-80 | 355/ Snow ball |
GAD-7 | NM | 15.49% (55/355) |
| Gopal et al.[13] March 29–May 24, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
103/56 | 27.44±9.17 | 159/ Snow ball |
GAD-7 PHQ-4 |
14.8% (23/159) |
29.2% (62/159) |
| Joseph et al.[14] 17th April–1th May 2020 |
Haryana/ Online survey |
366/374 | 58.68±8.05 | 740/ Snow ball |
PHQ-9 GAD-7 |
8.8% (65/740) |
6.1% (45/740) |
| Verma et al.[15] April 4–14, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
183/173 | 18–41 | 345/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 25% (86/345) |
28% (97/345) |
| Kaurani et al.[16] April 19–May 5, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
310/317 | 20–70 | 627/ Snow ball |
BAI-21 | NM | 23/627 36.68% |
| Chaudhary et al.[17] November 15, 2020–February 15, 2021 |
Karnataka/ Online Survey |
180/144 | 18–30 | 324/ Snow ball |
GAD-7 PHQ-9 |
28.7% (93/324) |
23.76% 77/324 |
| Kaur et al.[18] May 24–June 5, 2021 |
Across India/ Online survey |
525/584 | 32.98±14.72 | 1109/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 25.87% 287/1109 |
45.26% 506/1109 |
| Singh and Khokhar[19] Last week of April 2020 |
West Bengal/ Online survey |
95/139 | 28.59±10.47 | 234/ Snow ball |
PHQ-9 | 14.1% 33/234 |
NM |
| Srivastava et al.[20] June 20–July 4, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
1146/858 | 37 (18–60) | 2004/ Snow ball |
CAS | NM | 3.29% 66/2004 |
| Wakode et al.[21] May 18–25, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
149/108 | 25 | 257/ Snow ball |
GAD-7 | NM | 88% 228/257 |
| Nathiya et al.[22] May 23–29, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
278/201 | 15–30 | 479/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 24.63% 118/479 |
30.89% 148/479 |
| Hazarika et al.[23] April 6–22, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
167/255 | 30.5±10.9 | 422/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 34.7% (146/422) |
32% (135/422) |
| Gaur et al.[24] April 24–May 7, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
653/362 | 18–60 | 1015/ Snow ball |
GAD-7 PHQ-9 |
12.8% 129/1015 |
9% 92/1015 |
| Chauhan et al.[25] April 1–30, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
614/373 | 34.28±12.27 | 987/ Snow ball |
SAS | NM | 32.2% (318/987) |
| Balhara YPS. et al.[26] April 2020-Journal Submission |
New Delhi/ Online survey |
NM | 19.6±1.9 | 128/ Snow ball |
PHQ-9 GAD-7 |
26.9% 105/393 |
16.92% 66/393 |
| Sebastian et al.[27] Not Available |
29 States of India/ Online survey |
NM | 29.3±9.7 | 1257/ Snow ball |
PHO-4 | 13.9% (174/1257) |
13.9% (174/1257) |
| Grover et al.[28] April 6–24, 2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
NM | 41.2±13.6 | 894/ Snow-ball |
GAD-7 PHQ-9 |
105/894 11.74 |
140/894 15.65% |
| Tomar et al.[29] April 28–May 8,2020 |
Across India/ Online survey |
1160/1085 | 32.4±11.4 | 2245/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 20.66% (464/2245) |
23.47% (534/2245) |
| Wani et al.[30] May 2020 |
Kashmir/Online study | 138/149 | 27.35±7.81 | 287/ Snow ball |
DASS-21 | 29.61% (85/287) |
25.08% (72/287) |
| Reddy et al.[31] April 1–May 12, 2020 |
11 States of India/ Online survey |
477/416 | 16-60 | 891/ Respondent -driven |
DASS 21 | 22% 200/891 |
15% 138/891 |
| Desai et al.[32] April 8–14, 2020 |
Karnataka/ Online survey |
764/768/5 others | 10-70 | 1537/ Snow ball |
GAD-7 PHQ-9 |
16.7% (257/1537) |
12.4% (192/1537) |
NM: Not mentioned, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (Cutoff: -Depression ≥ 13, Anxiety ≥ 09, Stress ≥ 19), GAD-7-generalized anxiety disorder (Cutoff ≥ 10), PHQ-4-Patient health questionnaire (Cutoff ≥ 3), PHQ-9: Patient health questionnaire (Cutoff ≥ 10), BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory (Cutoff ≥ 22), CAS: Coronavirus anxiety scale (Cutoff ≥ 9), SAS: Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (Cutoff ≥ 45)