Table 2. Treatment characteristics at primary diagnosis and recurrences.
| Survival time from treatment start | Adjusted analyses (Cox) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment characteristics | N (%) | 1 year | 2 years | 5 years | Median OS (months) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
| Treatment at primary diagnosis | Total n = 467 (%) | ||||||
| TMZ + 60Gy IR | 281 (60.1) | 68.0% | 31.0% | 9.3% | 16.1 | 1 | 1 |
| TMZ + <60Gy IR | 72 (15.4) | 26.4% | 6.9% | 2.8% | 8.5 | 2.60 (1.98, 3.41) | <0.001 |
| Chemotherapy | 16 (3.4) | 37.5% | 0% | 0% | 10.6 | 2.25 (1.35, 3.75) | 0.002 |
| IR only | 46 (9.9) | 19.6% | 4.4% | 0% | 8.0 | 3.35 (2.40, 4.66) | <0.001 |
| Clinical trials* | 12 (2.6) | 75% | 50.0% | 0% | 17.0 | 0.66 (0.32, 1.33) | 0.240 |
| No antineoplastic treatment | 40 (8.6) | 2.5% | 0% | 0% | 1.8 | 17.29 (12.00, 24.91) | <0.001 |
| Treatment at first tumour recurrence | Total n = 309 (%) | ||||||
| GK/SRS (+/- chemotherapy) | 38 (12.3) | 62.9% | 11.5% | 0% | 14.7 | 0.44 (0.29, 0.67) | <0.001 |
| IR (+/- chemotherapy) | 5 (1.6) | 20% | 0% | 0% | 6.4 | 0.93 (0.34, 2.54) | 0.890 |
| LAVA | 22 (7.1) | 22.7% | 9.1% | 0% | 6.9 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.41) | 0.603 |
| Chemotherapy | 98 (31.7) | 18.6% | 8.0% | 0% | 5.7 | 1 | 1 |
| Surgery (+/- other treatment) | 48 (15.5) | 24.7% | 11.5% | 0% | 9.3 | 0.62 (0.43, 0.91) | 0.014 |
| Other treatment** | 2 (0.7) | 50.0% | 0% | 0% | 2.1 | 1.00 (0.24, 4.06) | 0.995 |
| No antineoplastic treatment | 96 (31.1) | 2.1% | 0% | 0% | 2.6 | 3.44 (2.54, 4.66) | <0.001 |
| Treatment at second tumour recurrence | Total n = 152 (%) | ||||||
| GK/SRS (+/- chemotherapy) | 11 (7.2) | 11.3% | 0% | 0% | 7.1 | 1.10 (0.50, 2.41) | 0.817 |
| IR (+/- chemotherapy) | 7 (4.6) | 14.3% | 0% | 0% | 4.8 | 1.42 (0.60, 3.38) | 0.422 |
| LAVA | 21 (13.8) | 19.1% | 0% | 0% | 6.8 | 1.17 (0.63, 2.16) | 0.621 |
| Chemotherapy | 27 (17.8) | 29.3% | 0% | 0% | 6.2 | 1 | 1 |
| Surgery (+/- other treatment) | 12 (7.9) | 18.2% | 0% | 0% | 6.9 | 0.96 (0.45, 2.05) | 0.909 |
| Other*** | 2 (1.3) | 50.0% | 0% | 0% | 7.1 | 0.39 (0.05, 2.90) | 0.357 |
| No antineoplastic treatment | 72 (47.4) | 4.7% | 0% | 0% | 2.4 | 2.76 (1.67, 4.56) | <0.001 |
| Treatment at third tumour recurrence | Total n = 56 (%) | ||||||
| GK/SRS/IR (+/- chemotherapy) | 4 (7.1) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6.0 | 1 | 1 |
| LAVA | 14 (25.0) | 7.1% | 0% | 0% | 5.5 | 2.51 (0.57, 11.15) | 0.226 |
| Chemotherapy | 2 (3.6) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6.9 | 2.29 (0.20, 25.65) | 0.503 |
| Surgery (+/- other treatment) | 3 (5.4) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3.9 | 3.81 (0.62, 23.25) | 0.147 |
| No antineoplastic treatment | 33 (58.9) | 0% | 0% | 0% | 2.7 | 6.75 (1.58, 28.83) | 0.010 |
Significant p-values are highlighted in bold.
*Clinical trials: Immunotherapy or placebo + IR 60 Gy (+/-adjuvant TMZ) (n = 11); clinical trial with dendritic cell vaccination + IR 60Gy (n = 1)
**Other treatment: immunotherapy, private clinic (n = 1); dabrafenib plus trametinib, clinical trial (n = 1)
***Other treatment: Bortezomib and temozolomide, Bortem-17 clinical trial phase Ib (n = 2)
Abbreviations: mOS: median overall survival; CI: confidence interval; GTR: gross total resection; STR: subtotal resection; TMZ: temozolomide; IR: ionizing radiation; Gy: Gray; GK: gamma knife; SRS: stereotactic radiosurgery; LAVA: lomustine, vincristine and bevacizumab