TABLE 3.

Cytokine induction by P. gingivalis and its cellular constituents^a

Inducer	Cell(s) of origin	Cytokine	Pro- or anti-inflammatory actionb
P. gingivalis LPS	Fibroblasts	IL-1α	+
		IL-1β	+
		IL-6	+
		IL-8	+
		MCP-1	+
	Monocytes/macrophages	IL-1β	+
		TNF-α	+
		IL-1rac	−
		IL-6	+
		IL-8	+
		GM-CSFc	+
		IFN-γ	+
	PMNs	TNFα	+
		IL-8	+
		IL-1ra	−
P. gingivalis lipid A-associated proteins	Fibroblasts	IL-6	+
P. gingivalis fimbriae	Fibroblasts	IL-1β	+
	Monocytes/macrophages	IL-1α	+
		IL-1β	+
		TNF-α	+
		IL-6	+
		IL-8	+
		KCc	+
	Calvarial bone cells	IL-1β	+
		GM-CSF	+
	PMNs	IL-6	+
	T cells	IL-2	+
		IL-4	−
		TNF-α	+
		IFN-γc	+
P. gingivalis 75-kDa surface protein	Monocytes/macrophages	IL-1	+
P. gingivalis 12-kDa antigen	Monocytes/macrophages	IL-1β	+
P. gingivalis PS	Monocytes/macrophages	IL-1β	+
P. gingivalis whole cells	PMNs	IL-8	+
		MCP-1	+

^aCompiled from references 90, 92, 93, 116, 142, 168, 181, 184, 186, 187, 221, 239, 272, 275, 276, 278, and 281. 

^b+, proinflammatory action; −, anti-inflammatory action. 

^cIL-1ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; KC, neutrophil chemoaltractant killer cells; IFN-γ, gamma interferon.