Table 3.
Data specifications used by reviewed COVID-19 dashboards
| Study # (Ref ) |
Country | Source of data | Level of granularity | Input data | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Secondary | Global | National | State-wide | County-wide | Organizational | Deaths | Active/new cases | Recovered | Tests | Other | ||
|
S1 (Salehi et al. 2021) |
Iran, South Africa | ✕ |
- WHO - CDC |
✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
- Home isolation - Hospitalized - ICU hosted - Vaccination |
|
S2 (Santhanavanich et al. 2020) |
Germany | ✕ |
- JHU - Worldometer - Robert Koch Institute (RKI, Germany) |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
|
S3 (Yang et al. 2021) |
Taiwan, UK | ✕ | - COVID-19 outbreak numbers for 189 infected countries/regions from the GitHub websites | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | N/S | ✓ | N/S | N/S | ✕ |
|
S4 (Zhu et al. 2021) |
USA | ✕ |
- JHU - NYT - COVID Tracking Project - Tweets (COVID-19 related tweets from 1 January 2020–16 May 2020) - Catalog and taxonomy of COVID-19 related facts |
✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | COVID-19-related tweets |
|
S5 (Aristizábal-Torres et al. 2020) |
Colombia | ✕ | - Data provided by the Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS) | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
- Demographic data - Geographic data - Home isolation - Hospitalized - ICU hosted - Patient status |
|
S6 (Hodgson et al. 2020) |
UK | laboratory reporting system | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ |
- Location of patient - Patient status - Test status (suspected, awaiting test, confirmed) |
|
S7 (Raj et al. 2020) |
India | ✕ | - Six COVID-19 data websites (covidindia.org, oneindia.com, mygov.in, grainmart.in, ndtv.com, tooloogle.com) | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ |
|
S8 (Ravinder et al. 2020) |
India | ✕ |
- WHO - Population data of Italy, USA, and India - Distance between capital cities of states |
✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ |
- Geographic data - Population data |
|
S9 (Ulahannan et al. 2020) |
India | ✕ |
- Daily bulletins released by Department of Health Services (DHS), Government of Kerala - Various news outlets |
✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
- Demographic data - Home isolation - Hospitalized - ICU hosted - Vaccination |
|
S10 (Wissel et al. 2020) |
USA | ✕ |
- NYT - JHU - Data of tests from COVID Tracking Project |
✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ |
|
S11 (Peddireddy et al. 2020) |
USA | ✕ |
- 1Point3Acres - National data on Wikipedia and WHO - USA coronavirus cases and deaths - COVID-19 India - Government of Canada - Government of Greece - COVID Tracking Project - Worldometer - World Population Review for USA - WorldAtlas - Esri Demographics for USA |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
- Demographic data - Geographic data |
|
S12 (Bae et al. 2020) |
South Korea | EHR | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
- Admission/discharge data - Patient status |
|
S13 (Florez and Singh 2020) |
Colombia, India | ✕ |
- WHO - World Population Review |
✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
- Geographic data - Population data |
|
S14 (Pathak et al. 2020) |
USA | ✕ |
- Department of Health webpages from 50 states - COVID-19 webpages from 50 states - COVID Tracking Project’s racial data dashboard |
✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | - Demographic data |
|
S15 (Ibrahim et al. 2020) |
United Arab Emirates | EHR | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
- Demographic data - ICU hosted - Patient status |
|
S16 (Chande et al. 2020) |
USA | ✕ |
- Population demographics from USA Census Bureau - State-level cases from COVID Tracking Project - County-level cases from NTT GitHub site |
✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
- Geographic data - Population data |
|
S17 (Marivate and Combrink 2020) |
South Africa | ✕ |
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) - National Department of Health |
✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
- Demographic data - Geographic data - ICU hosted - Population data |
|
S18 (Hohl et al. 2020) |
USA | ✕ |
- JHU - USA census website |
✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | - Population data |
|
S19 (Carroll and Prentice 2021) |
USA | ✕ |
- JHU - USA Census Bureau - USA Transportation Department - USA Bureau of Transportation Statistics - USA Bureau of Labor Statistics |
✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ |
- Home isolation - Population data |
|
S20 (da Costa et al. 2021) |
Portugal | ✕ |
- Directorate General of Health - WHO - ECDC |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ |
- Hospitalized - Suspected cases - Vaccination |
|
S21 (Hyman et al. 2021) |
USA | ✕ |
- ECDC - Worldometer - CDC - WHO - JHU - Worldbank - Bureau of Economic Analysis - Yahoo Finance |
✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
- Economic data - Geographic data |
|
S22 (Clement et al. 2020) |
Canada | ✕ | - JHU | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
|
S23 (Dixon et al. 2021) |
USA | ✕ |
- Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC) - Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE) |
✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
- Demographic data - Discharges - Emergency department visits - Hospitalized - ICU hosted - Length of stay - Patient status |
|
S24 (Arias-Carrasco et al. 2021) |
Chile | ✕ | Geographic and temporal data (provided by users) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
- Geographic data - Temporal data |
|
S25 (Chauhan et al. 2021) |
India | ✕ |
- ECDC - WHO - BNO News - CDC - Worldometer - India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare - 1Point3Acres |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ |
|
S26 (Barone et al. 2020) |
Italy | ✕ | ECDC | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✓ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
N/S, not specified; JHU, COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States of America (USA); NYT, New York Times; EHR, Electronic Health Record; ECDC, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; WHO, World Health Organization; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; USA, United States of America