Table 1.

Measures used in the survey instrument[20–28].

Construct	Measure	Typical items	Origin
Severe food insecurity	Household members experiencing a lack of food in the previous 4 weeks (3 items)	In the past 4 weeks, how often was there no food to eat of any kind in your house because of a lack of money? Severely food insecure was defined as a reply of often to 1 or more of the questions	Coates et al [24] Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS)
Income-seeking effort scale	Effort trying to get a job or earn money by selling or making things in the last 3 months (7 items)	Typical item: how often have you … Searched newspapers for jobs	Barker G, et al [25]. IMAGES study questionnaire.
Stress due to not having work or enough money	4-item scale with questions about stress related to current work situation	‘I am frequently stressed or depressed because of’ not having enough work or enough income	Barker G, et al [25]. IMAGES study
Unemployment shame	4-item measure of shame and despondency	Typical item: I sometimes feel ashamed to face my family because I am out of work	Barker G, et al [25]. IMAGES study
Depression	CES-D scale (used as a continuous variable)	Typical item: During the past week, I felt I could not cheer myself up even with the help of family and friends Scored high = more depression	Radloff [26]
Alcohol	Women: 3 items on husbands’ drinking; Men: 3 items on their drinking	Does he drink? How often? In past 12 m, how often has she seen him drunk? Men asked: Ever drunk? Drunk in past 12 m? How often in past 12 m?
Hope	Scale of 6 items	Typical item: I can think of many ways to get out of a difficult situation
Disability	Disability due to a health problem or injury (6 items)	Typical item: Do you have difficulty walking or climbing steps?	Washington Group Scale
Suicidal thoughts	Single item on suicidality in last 4 weeks	In the past four weeks, has the thought of ending your life been in your mind?
Self-rated health	Single item with five response categories	In general, would you describe your overall health as excellent, good, fair, poor or very poor?
Individual gender attitudes	22 items with Likert responses: strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree	Typical item: I think that the daughters-in-law in my family must always obey their mother-in-law	Jewkes et al [29], lightly adapted for the Tajik context after formative research
Community gender attitudes (social norms)	22 items with Likert responses: strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree	Typical item: In this community, many people think that if a wife does something wrong, her husband has the right to punish her	Jewkes et al [29], lightly adapted for the Tajik context after formative research
Wife’s relationship with her husband	4 items, statements with Likert responses	Typical item: My husband is a kind person	Based on Jewkes et al [20] adapted for the Tajik context after formative research
Man’s relationship with his wife	5 items, statements with Likert responses	Typical item: My wife does everything she can to support me
Women’s mother-in-law cruelty	3 items summed: statements with Likert responses	Typical item: My mother-in-law is very strict and controlling
Women’s mother-in-law kind	3 items summed: statements with Likert responses	Typical item: My mother-in-law is a kind person
Man’s assessment of his mother’s cruelty	2 items summed: high = more cruel	Typical item: My mother can frighten me
Man’s assessment of his mother’s kindness	3 items summed: high = more kind	Typical item: My mother does everything she can to support me
Women’s involvement in decision-making	5 items scored high = more involvement	In the last three months, how often have your views been listened to on problems which your husband or family faces?
Relationship control measure	8 items, statements with Likert responses	A typical item is he won’t let me spend money on things for myself	Jewkes et al [21], adapted for Tajikistan
Frequency of quarrelling	Single item	In your relationship with your husband, how often would you say that you quarrelled?	Based on Jewkes [21]
Physical IPV	5 items (exposure = experience of any act 1 or more times)	Typical item for men: In the past 12 months, how many times have you hit her with a fist or with something else which could hurt her?	Garcia-Moreno et al [22]; Fulu et al [23]
Sexual IPV	3 items (exposure = experience of any act 1 or more times)	Typical item for women: In the past 12 months, how many times has your husband used threats or intimidation to get you to have sex when you did not want to?	Garcia-Moreno et al [22]; Fulu et al [23]
Emotional IPV	11 items (exposure = experience of any act 1 or more times)	Typical item for women: In the past 12 months how, many times has your husband insulted you or made you feel bad about yourself?	Garcia-Moreno et al [22]; Fulu et al [23]