Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Pump use | 2001–2005 |
2006–2010 |
2011–2015 |
2016–2019 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| User |
Nonuser |
P | User |
Nonuser |
P | User |
Nonuser |
P | User |
Nonuser |
P | |
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |||||
| Total, N | 187 (27) | 503 (73) | — | 769 (45) | 937 (55) | — | 1293 (54) | 1092 (46) | — | 1326 (59) | 931 (41) | — |
| Age at visita | 12 (8, 14) | 11 (7, 14) | 0.300 | 14 (10, 17) | 15 (11, 18) | 0.000 | 16 (13, 20) | 19 (15, 22) | 0.000 | 20 (17, 24) | 22 (19, 25) | <0.001 |
| Age at diagnosisa | 9 (6, 12) | 9 (5, 12) | 0.710 | 8 (5, 12) | 12 (6.3, 13) | 0.000 | 8 (5, 11) | 11 (7, 13) | 0.000 | 9 (5, 12) | 11 (8, 14) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 25 (22, 28) | 25 (23, 30) | 0.500 | 26 (23, 29) | 25 (22, 29) | 0.200 | 25 (22, 28) | 25 (22, 29) | 0.610 | 25 (22, 28) | 25 (22, 29) | 0.090 |
| A1C | 7.7 (7.2, 8.6) | 8.2 (7.5, 9.0) | <0.001 | 8.2 (7.4, 9.0) | 8.8 (7.8, 10.1) | <0.001 | 8.5 (7.7, 9.5) | 9.4 (8.2, 11.0) | <0.001 | 8.5 (7.5, 9.6) | 9.2 (7.8, 11.1) | <0.001 |
| Female | 81 (43) | 238 (47) | 0.350 | 386 (50) | 449 (48) | 0.350 | 669 (52) | 535 (49) | 0.180 | 703 (53) | 470 (51) | 0.240 |
| Clinic site | ||||||||||||
| SC | 43 (23) | 62 (12) | <0.001 | 163 (21) | 195 (21) | <0.001 | 251 (19) | 244 (22) | <0.001 | 224 (17) | 218 (23) | <0.001 |
| OH | 58 (31) | 67 (13) | 182 (24) | 124 (13) | 270 (21) | 168 (15) | 260 (20) | 144 (16) | ||||
| CO | 47 (25) | 192 (38) | 256 (33) | 274 (29) | 452 (35) | 318 (29) | 515 (39) | 252 (27) | ||||
| CA | 7 (4) | 33 (7) | 34 (4) | 151 (16) | 75 (6) | 175 (16) | 96 (7) | 178 (19) | ||||
| WA | 32 (17) | 149 (30) | 134 (17) | 193 (21) | 245 (19) | 187 (17) | 231 (17) | 139 (15) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| NHB | 3 (3) | 52 (10) | <0.001 | 34 (4) | 149 (16) | <0.001 | 64 (5) | 195 (18) | <0.001 | 76 (6) | 184 (20) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 5 (5) | 57 (11) | 38 (5) | 144 (15) | 99 (8) | 186 (17) | 123 (9) | 176 (19) | ||||
| Other NH | 1 (1) | 20 (4) | 10 (1) | 28 (3) | 27 (2) | 31 (3) | 32 (2) | 38 (4) | ||||
| NHW | 178 (95) | 374 (74) | 686 (89) | 616 (66) | 1103 (85) | 679 (62) | 1095 (83) | 532 (57) | ||||
| Parental education | ||||||||||||
| Did not graduate high school | 0 (0) | 24 (5) | <0.001 | 3 (0) | 53 (6) | <0.001 | 15 (1) | 74 (7) | <0.001 | 16 (1) | 73 (8) | |
| High school graduate | 14 (8) | 72 (14) | 63 (8) | 172 (18) | 84 (6) | 186 (17) | 119 (9) | 176 (19) | ||||
| Some college/AA degree | 55 (29) | 184 (37) | 211 (27) | 339 (36) | 378 (29) | 390 (36) | 321 (24) | 257 (28) | ||||
| Bachelor's degree or more | 118 (63) | 219 (44) | 486 (63) | 349 (37) | 810 (63) | 404 (37) | 815 (61) | 349 (37) | ||||
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 24 (5) | 3 (0) | 53 (6) | 15 (1) | 74 (7) | 16 (1) | 73 (8) | ||||
| Income | ||||||||||||
| <$25K | 16 (9) | 117 (23) | <0.001 | 99 (13) | 186 (20) | <0.001 | 173 (13) | 212 (19) | <0.001 | 187 (14) | 181 (19) | <0.001 |
| $25K–$49K | 51 (27) | 97 (19) | 129 (17) | 152 (16) | 214 (17) | 150 (14) | 187 (14) | 97 (10) | ||||
| $50K–$74K | 97 (52) | 172 (34) | 432 (56) | 285 (30) | 624 (48) | 246 (23) | 533 (40) | 184 (20) | ||||
| $75K+ | 11 (6) | 78 (16) | 44 (6) | 156 (17) | 127 (10) | 238 (22) | 129 (10) | 186 (20) | ||||
| Unknown | 12 (6) | 34 (7) | 61 (8) | 137 (15) | 151 (12) | 232 (21) | 249 (19) | 247 (27) | ||||
| Heath insurance | ||||||||||||
| Public | 14 (8) | 110 (22) | <0.001 | 83 (11) | 231 (25) | <0.001 | 199 (15) | 301 (28) | <0.001 | 166 (12) | 169 (18) | <0.001 |
| Private | 170 (91) | 375 (75) | 665 (86) | 645 (69) | 1028 (80) | 642 (59) | 1069 (81) | 604 (65) | ||||
| Other | 3 (2) | 6 (1) | 13 (2) | 16 (2) | 56 (4) | 62 (6) | 57 (4) | 65 (7) | ||||
| None | 0 (0) | 6 (1) | 7 (1) | 33 (4) | 7 (0) | 68 (6) | 11 (1) | 59 (6) | ||||
| Unknown | 14 (8) | 110 (22) | 83 (11) | 231 (25) | 199 (15) | 301 (28) | 166 (12) | 169 (18) | ||||
a
Median and interquartile range (IQR) are reported.
CA, California; CO, Colorado; NHB, Non-Hispanic and Black; NHW, Non-Hispanic and White; OH, Ohio; Other NH, Other race and Non-Hispanic; SC, South Carolina; WA, Washington.