Table 2. Case studies of pediatric patients diagnosed with diabetes in the course of acute COVID-19 infection. All cases in this table were diagnosed with COVID-19 although some patients were asymptomatic. Many of these studies did not specify what type of diabetes was diagnosed; where T1DM or T2DM was stated, it is included in the table. Studies are listed in alphabetic order by last name of the first author [68-79].
yo, years old
| Case Study | Patient(s) | Presentation | Case Notes |
| Aabdi 2021 [68] | 3 yo boy | Unresponsive, tachycardia, diabetic ketoacidosis | Full recovery, managed post-discharge on insulin |
| Badawy 2022 [69] | 13 yo girl | Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss; diabetic ketoacidosis; positive COVID test but asymptomatic | Recovered in five days, T1DM diagnosed, discharged with insulin |
| Basta 2021 [70] | 3 yo boy | Severe hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, positive COVID-19 test | Managed with insulin drip, diagnosed new-onset T1DM |
| Benyakhlef 2021 [71] | 3 yo boy | Acute dyspnea, diabetic ketoacidosis | Recovered, new-onset T1DM |
| Chekhlabi 2021 [72] | 4 yo girl | Polydipsia, polyuria, exposed to COVID-19 but with mild symptoms | Developed diabetic ketoacidosis which resolved in 24 hours, full recovery, requires insulin |
| 7 yo boy | Diabetic ketoacidosis, asymptomatic for COVID-19 | Full recovery, required insulin after discharge but dose has been incrementally decreased | |
| Duong-Quy 2022 [73] | 13 yo boy | Admitted to COVID-19 ICU with fever, cough, dyspnea, confusion, and hyperglycemia; developed diabetic ketoacidosis in hospital | Diagnosed with new-onset T1DM; discharged after 16 days with insulin; recovered but still has T1DM |
| Kastner and Harsch 2021 [74] | 8 yo boy | Polyuria and asymptomatic COVID-19 | New-onset T1DM diagnosed and treated with insulin; COVID-19 antigens were found in blood 15 days later although he never had symptoms |
| Lanca et al. 2022 [75] | 13 yo boy | Persistent hyperglycemia and high insulin requirements; diabetic ketoacidosis; mild COVID-19 symptoms | New-onset T1DM which required insulin post-discharge. His mother has T1DM |
| 8 yo male | Severe COVID-19 with respiratory symptoms; hyperglycemia | Although hyperglycemia resolved after COVID-19, he needed low doses of insulin after discharge | |
| Naguib 2020 [76] | 8 yo girl | COVID-19 diagnosis with multisystem inflammatory syndrome, hyperglycemia, ketosis, metabolic acidosis | Treated with infliximab and recovered from COVID-19, discharged after 10 days, required insulin but dose has been lowered to 1.1 unit/kg/day plus metformin. Type of diabetes remains unknown, family history of T2DM. Patient is Hispanic. |
| Ordooei 2021 [77] | 10 yo boy | COVID-19 with respiratory distress and diabetic ketoacidosis | Full recovery, managed post-discharge with insulin |
| Parappil 2022 [78] | 12 yo boy | Fever, polyuria, polydipsia, diabetic ketoacidosis | Diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome and new-onset T1DM |
| Sarwani 2021 [79] | 14 yo boy | Fever (which resolved in 1 day), abdominal pain, no respiratory symptoms | Hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis which resolved in two days; post-discharge insulin |