. 2023 Jan 20;14:1083875. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1083875

TABLE 1.

Summary of the effects of polyphenolic natural compounds on different models of AS.

Active ingredients	Source	Experimental model	Dose/concentration	Efficiency	Molecular targets	Signaling pathway	References
Quercetin	Cuscuta chinensis Lam.; Morus alba L.	vivo: HFD fed 8weeks male ApoE^−/− mice; vitro: ox-LDL induced HAECs	vivo: 20mg/kg/d vitro: 3,1,0.3 mmol/L	Alleviate lipid deposition and atheroscle-rotic; alleviate cell senescence	Sirtuin↑ sIcam-1↓ IL-6↓ VCAM-1 ↓	//	Jiang et al. (2020)
Quercetin	//	HFD fed 12 weeks male ApoE−/− mice	12.5 mg/kg/d	Regulate blood lipid; Reduce inflammation; Induce autophagy	LC3 II/I↑	mTOR	Cao et al. (2019)
					p53↓
					p21↓
Resveratrol	Morus alba L., Smilax glabra Roxb.	6 weeks HFD fed male ApoE^−/− mice	50 mg/kg/day	Regulate blood lipid;	MMP-9↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Ji et al. (2022)
Resveratrol	Morus alba L., Smilax glabra Roxb.	6 weeks HFD fed male ApoE^−/− mice	50 mg/kg/day	Reduce inflammation	CD40L↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Ji et al. (2022)
Resveratrol	//	Ox-LDL induced rabbit SMC	25 μM	Inhibit cell proliferation	//	PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K	Brito et al. (2009)
Paeonol	Paeonia × suffruticosa Andrews	Vivo: 6 weeks male ApoE^−/− mice fed by a high-cholesterol diet vitro: ox-LDL treated VSMCs	Vivo: 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg/d vitro: 15,30,60 μM	Inhibit cell proliferation; Induce autophagy	α-SMA↓	AMPK/mTOR	Wu et al. (2017)
					LC3II↑ p62↓
					LC3II/actin↑
Kaempferol	Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume	HUVECs induced by ox-LDL	50,100,200 μM	Attenuate cell injury; Induce autophagy	LC3-II/I↑ p-mTOR↓	AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K	Che et al. (2017)
Curcumin	Curcuma longa L.	H₂O₂ induced EA.hy926 cell line	5,20 μM	Induce autophagy;	p-AKT↓	AKT/mTOR	Guo et al. (2016)
				Reduce oxidative stress	p-mTOR↓
				Reduce oxidative stress	LC3-II↑
Curcumin	//	Ox-LDL-induced HUVECs	5 μM	Regulate blood lipid; Reduce inflammation; Reduce oxidative; stress; Induce autophagy	LC3-II↑	AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K	Zhao et al. (2021)
Nicotinate-Curcumin	//	Ox-LDL-induced THP-1 cell line	10 μM	Induce autophagy	LC3-II↑ p62↓	PI3K-AKT-mTOR	Gu et al. (2016)
Hydroxyl Acetylated Curcumin (Sonodynamic therapy)	//	Human THP-1 monocytes	5.0 μg/mL	Reduce lipid accumulation; Induce autophagy	Beclin1↑ LC3-II↑ p62↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Zheng et al. (2016)
Chicoric acid	Cichorium intybus L.	Vivo: Sprague-Daw-ley rats with ligated left common carotid artery; vitro: PDGF-BB induced VSMCs	vivo: 50 mg/kg/d vitro: 10,50,100 μM	Inhibit cell proliferation and migration	p-mTOR↓ PCNA↓	mTOR/P70S6K	Lu et al. (2018)
					cyclin D1↓
					p27↓
6-Gingerol	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Hydrogen- peroxide induced HUVECs	10, 20, 40 μM	Reduce oxidative stress; Induce autophagy	LC3-II↑	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Wang et al. (2016a)
					Bcl-2↑
					Beclin1↑ p-AKT↓
					p-mTOR↓

↑, upgrade; ↓, downgrade.