. 2023 Jan 20;14:1083875. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1083875

TABLE 3.

Summary of the effects of natural compounds of glycosides on different AS models.

Active ingredients	Source	Experimental model	Dose/concentration	Efficiency	Molecular targets	Signaling pathway	References
Polydatin	Reynoutria japonica Houtt.	HFD fed 8-week-old male ApoE^−/− mice	50 mg/kg	Induce autophagy	LC3-Ⅰ/II↑ p62↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Xiong et al. (2021)
Ginsenoside Rg1	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.	Murine Raw264.7 macrophages	20,50,100,200 μM	Induce autophagy	Bcl-2↑	AMPK/mTOR	Yang et al. (2018)
					Bax↓
					LC3↑ p62/SQSMT1↑
Geniposide combined with Notoginse-noside	Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis and Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen	vivo: HFD fed 8 weeks-old male ApoE^−/− mice vitro: H2O2 induced HUVECs	vivo: Geniposide 50 mg kg⁻¹ + Notoginsenosid50 mg kg⁻¹ vitro: Geniposide100 μM + Notoginseno-sid 100 μM	Alleviate cells damage; Induce autophagy; Reduce inflammation	NLRP3↑	AMPK/mTOR/Nrf2	Liu et al. (2021)
					caspase-1↑
					VCAM-1↑
Ophiopogonin D	Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.	vivo: HFD fed 8-week-old male ApoE^−/− mice vitro: LO₂ cells	vivo: 0.5 mg/kg/d vitro: 20,40,80 mM	Regulate blood lipid	p-mTOR↓	mTOR/SREBP1/SCD1	Zhang et al. (2021b)
					SREBP1↓
					SCD1↓
Naringin	Citrus × aurantium L.;	TNF-α-induced VSMCs	10,15,25 mM	Inhibit cell invasion and migra-tion	MMP-9↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K	Lee et al. (2009)
Naringin	Plantago lanceolata L.	TNF-α-induced VSMCs	10,15,25 mM	Inhibit cell invasion and migra-tion	NF-κB↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K	Lee et al. (2009)
Verbascoside	Plantago lanceolata L.;	HFD fed male wistar rats	2 mg/kg	Regulate blood lipid; Reduce inflammation	MMP-9↓	AMPK/mTOR	Fan and Zhang, (2021)
Verbascoside	Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl	HFD fed male wistar rats	2 mg/kg	Regulate blood lipid; Reduce inflammation	MMP-9↓	AMPK/mTOR	Fan and Zhang, (2021)

↑, upgrade; ↓, downgrade.