. 2023 Jan 20;14:1083875. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1083875

TABLE 4.

Summary of the effects of other natural compounds on different AS models.

Active ingredients	Source	Experimental model	Dose/concentration	Efficiency	Molecular targets	Signaling pathway	References
Corylin	Cullen corylifolium (L.) Medik.	PDGF-BB induced VSMCs	20 μ M	Inhibite proliferation and migration in VSMCs	CDK4↓	mTOR/Drp1	Chen et al. (2020)
					CDK2↓
					Cyclin D1↓
					Cyclin E↓
Morin	Morus alba L.;	Ox-LDL induced HUVECs	1,3,10,30 μmol/L	Attenuate cell injury; Induce autophagy	LC3↓ p62↑	AMPK/mTOR	Zhang et al. (2019)
	Morus alba L.;				p-AMPK↑
	Prunella vulgaris L.				p-mTOR↓
Artemisinin	Artemisia caruifolia var. caruifolia	HFD fed 8weeks male ApoE^−/− mice	50,100 mg/kg/d	Reduce inflammation; Induce autophagy	p62↓	AMPK/mTOR/ULK1	Cao et al. (2020)
Artemisinin	Artemisia caruifolia var. caruifolia	HFD fed 8weeks male ApoE^−/− mice	50,100 mg/kg/d	Reduce inflammation; Induce autophagy	LC-3II↑	AMPK/mTOR/ULK1	Cao et al. (2020)
Artemisinin and Procyanidins loaded multifunctional nanocomplexes	Artemisia annua L.; Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl	vivo: HFD fed 6-week-old male ApoE^−/− mice vitro: RAW264.7 stimulation with lipopolysaccharide	vivo: 0.9 mg/kg procyanidins +4.1 mg/kg artemisinin vitro: RAW264.7 stimulation with lipopolysaccharide	Inhibiting the formation of atheroscler-otic plaques; inhibitory inflammatory cytokines; romote cholesterol efflux and lipid influx	AMPK ↑	NF-κB/NLRP3; AMPK/mTOR	Zhou et al. (2022a)
					Beclin-1 ↑
					LC3II/I↑
					SR-BI↑
					ABCA-1 ↑
					ABCG-1 ↑
Imperatorin	Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav.	Ox-LDL induced VSMCs	10,20,40 μM/L	Attenuate VSMCs migration, alleviate foam cell formation	p-PI3k↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Li et al. (2020)
					p-AKT↓
					p-mTOR↓
Salvianolic acid B	Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge	Cholesterol crystal-induced RAW264.7 cell line	100,150,200 µM	Attenuate cholesterol crystals; improve the autophagy	LC3-II↑ Beclin-1↑ p62↓	AKT/mTOR	Sun et al. (2021)
Salvianolic acid B	//	RAW264.7 cells	100,150,200 µM	Promote autophagy	p-AKT↓ p-mTOR↓	NF-κB/AKT/mTOR	Zou et al. (2022)
Salvianolic acid B	//	Hydrogen peroxide- induced HUVECs	5,10,20 μ g/ml	Promote autophagy	caspase-3↓	AMPK/mTOR	Gao et al. (2019)
					LC3-Ⅱ↑
					Beclin-1↑ p62↓
Zedoarondiol	Curcuma aromatica Salisb.	PDGF-BB induced VSMCs	5,10,20 μg/mL	Inhibit VSMCs proliferation	p53↑	AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K	Mao et al. (2016)
Zedoarondiol	Curcuma aromatica Salisb.	PDGF-BB induced VSMCs	5,10,20 μg/mL	Inhibit VSMCs proliferation	p21↑	AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K	Mao et al. (2016)
Hydroxysafflor Yellow A (Sonodynamic Therapy)	Carthamus tinctorius L.	Human THP-1 monocytes	0.1,0.3,0.6,0.8,1mmol/L	Induce autophagy, inhibite inflammatory factors	LC3-II↓	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Jiang et al. (2017)
					Beclin↓
					p62↓
Hypericin-mediated (sonodynamic Therapy)	Sedum sarmentosum Bunge	Human THP-1 monocytes	0.25 μg/mL	Activate autophagy	LC3-II/I↑	AMPK/AKT/mTOR	Li et al. (2016)
					Beclin↑
					SQSTM1/p62↓ p-AMPK↑

↑, upgrade; ↓, downgrade.