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. 2023 Feb 2;14:571. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36256-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A total of 1007 participants from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study with matched gut metagenomic and fecal and blood metabolomics data and without taking antibiotics within two weeks are included in this study. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing is performed for fecal samples to obtain the metagenomic data, including taxonomic composition and microbial pathways. A targeted metabolome profiling is performed to obtain the fecal and blood metabolomics data. After removing metabolites with missing rate ≥ 0.2 or with relative standard deviation ≥ 0.3, 132 matched fecal and blood metabolites are remained for subsequent analysis. We estimate the gut microbiota-fecal/blood metabolite associations using the machine learning pipeline, and compare the associations of taxonomic composition/microbial pathways with paired fecal and blood metabolites. We then explore the associations of gut microbiota-related fecal and blood metabolites with cardiometabolic diseases. We further replicate the identified significant associations in an independent validation cohort. This figure has been designed using images from Flaticon.com. NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.