Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants
| GNHS cohort (N = 1007) | Validation cohort (N = 103) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 64.7 (5.6) | 71.5 (7.1) |
| Female, n (%) | 695 (69%) | 74 (71.8%) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.6 (3.1) | 24.2 (3.7) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 75 (7.4) | 4 (3.9) |
| Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 79 (7.8) | 9 (8.7) |
| Education, n (%) | ||
| Middle school or lower | 271 (26.9) | 10 (9.7) |
| High school or professional college | 452 (44.9) | 16 (15.5) |
| University | 284 (28.2) | 68 (66.0) |
| Unknown | 0 | 9 (8.7) |
| Income level, n (%) | ||
| Low (≤1500 ¥/month) | 253 (25.1) | 9 (8.7) |
| Middle (1501–3000 ¥/month) | 609 (60.5) | 24 (23.3) |
| High (>3000 ¥/month) | 145 (14.4) | 58 (56.3) |
| Unknown | 0 | 12 (11.7) |
| Physical activity, MET, mean (SD) | 41.2 (14.4) | 32.3 (5.8) |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day, mean (SD) | 1785.9 (547.3) | 1312.9 (361.4) |
| Disease prevalence, n (%) | ||
| T2D | 160 (15.9) | 27 (26.2) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 472 (46.9) | 23 (22.3) |
| Obesity, n (%) | 86 (8.5) | 14 (13.6) |
| NAFLD, n (%) | 668 (66.3) | –a |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||
| T2D | 84 (8.3) | – |
| Hypertension | 301 (29.9) | – |
| Dyslipidemia | 258 (25.6) | – |
T2D type 2 diabetes, MET metabolic equivalent of task, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index.
aData were unavailable.