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. 2023 Feb 2;9:7. doi: 10.1038/s41522-023-00375-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Standing pellicle assay. Top, pellicles of the indicated strains grown in borosilicate glass tubes. Bottom, corresponding pellicles poured into a petri dish. b Congo red colony morphologies. c Representative images of water droplets on colony biofilms used for the contact angle measurements. d Illustration of contact angle (θ) measurement and its implication for surface hydrophobicity. e Contact angle hydrophobicity assay. Error bars represent standard deviation of four independent trials. f Young’s modulus quantified from uniaxial indentation rheology. Error bars represent standard deviation of eight independent trials. Statistical significance was evaluated using an ordinary one-way analysis of variance with Tukey corrections for multiple comparisons. ns, no significant difference, P ≥ 0.05; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.