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. 2023 Jan 20;14:1042440. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1042440

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Copyright © 2023 Rudin, Areesanan, Liechti and Gründemann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Influence of classic psychedelics on (A) the activation (CD69) and function/mediator release in form of (B) IL-2 release, (C) TNF-α release, (D) IL-21 release, (E) IFN-γ release, and (F) IL-17 release of primary human CD4⁺ T cells. PBMCs were stimulated with anti-human CD3 and anti-human CD28 mAb (Stim) and incubated in the presence of medium alone (Neg Ctrl) and psychedelic compounds for 48 h. PBMCs were re-stimulated with PMA and ionomycin for 4 h. Cyclosporine A (CsA) served as a control substance for cytokine release inhibition. Data are the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparison test (****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, *P < 0.05 when compared to stimulated cells without drug treatment).