Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Year | Location | Specimen | Population | N Total | Age (years) | Male (%) | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chenevier-Gobeaux et al | 2022 | France | Plasma | COVID-19 patients with and without thrombotic events | 79 | 59.8 ± 18.6 | 55.7 | Endocan was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with thrombotic events (16.2 [IQR: 5.53–26.7] vs 1.81 ng/mL [IQR: .71–10.5], P < .001). Endocan level of 2.83 ng/mL had 93.8% sensitivity, 54.7% specificity, 97.2% NPV, and 34.1% PPV with an AUC of .78 [95% CI: .67–.86] for distinguishing COVID-19 patients with and without a thrombotic event |
| Gaudet et al | 2022 | France | Plasma | COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU | 151 | 64.9 ± 11.7 | 76.2 | Patients with late ARF worsening had higher levels of endocan (9.13±15.34 vs 3.39±3.08 ng/mL, P < .01). Endocan was one of the top three predictive variables for late ARF worsening (per additional ng/mL, OR: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.04–1.31]) |
| Gorgun et al | 2021 | Turkey | Serum | Hospitalized COVID-19 patients and HCs | 88 | 54.1 ± 14.1 | 54.5 | Median endocan level was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients compared to HCs (243.5 vs 201.5 ng/mL, P = .002). Also, the endocan level of 202 ng/mL had 86.7% sensitivity and 50% specificity for COVID-19 diagnosis |
| Guzel et al | 2022 | Turkey | Serum | Hospitalized mild/moderate and severe COVID-19 patients | 80 | 57.8 ± 14.3 | 43.8 | There was no significant relationship between serum endocan and the degree of pneumonia (P = .22) and prognosis (P = .761) |
| Kim et al | 2021 | South Korea | Plasma | Severe COVID-19 patients and HCs | 44 | NR | NR | Patients with severe COVID-19 had higher levels of endocan, compared with HCs (878 [IQR: 616–1618] vs 477 pg/mL [IQR: 368-548], P = .005) with an adjusted OR of 293.42 (P = .005) at a threshold 632.25 pg/mL |
| Laloglu et al | 2022 | Turkey | Serum | PCR + suspected COVID-19, PCR- suspected COVID-19, and HCs | 90 | 56.1 ± 16.0 | 56.7 | Endocan was significantly higher both in PCR+ and PCR- cases, compared with HCs with P < .05. Endocan level of 444.2 pg/mL had 92% sensitivity, 80% specificity, 82% PPV, and 91% NPV with an AUC of .94 [95% CI: .89–.98] |
| Medetalibeyoglu et al | 2021 | Turkey | Serum | COVID-19 patients with and without ICD admission or death | 80 | 62 ± 16 | 65 | Serum endocan was significantly higher in patients with composite endpoint (mortality/ICU admission) compared with those without (852.2±522.7 vs 550.2±440.8 ng/L, P < .01). In addition, serum endocan of 276.4 ng/L had 97% sensitivity and 85% specificity for the prediction of the composite endpoint |
| Pascreau et al | 2021 | France | Plasma | HCs, mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients, and severe ARDS | 74 | 63.3 ± 12.1 | 79.7 | COVID-19 patients had significantly higher endocan levels compared with controls (P = .0031). Also, there was no difference between patients who developed ARDS and those who did not (P = .223) |
NR: not reported, CI: confidence interval, HC: healthy control, ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARF: acute respiratory failure, AUC: area under the curve, NPV: negative predictive value, PPV: positive predictive value, ICU: intensive care unit, PCR: polymerase chain reaction.