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. 2023 Jan 20;13:1104484. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1104484

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Copyright © 2023 Belova, Polienko, Averianova and Karganova

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Prevalence of TBEV in I. ricinus (I. ric), I. persulcatus (I. pers), and hybrid (Hybr) ticks at different period after feeding/molting: (A) in engorged larvae (LL) and nymphs (NN) after feeding on infected mice; (B) in questing nymphs (NN) and adults (Ad) after first molting; (C) in adults after second molting. Data for the strains EK-328 and LK-138 are separated with dashed line. Engorged larvae and questing nymphs were studied in pools of three, others – individually, TBEV prevalence in a pool of ticks was calculated using a maximum likelihood estimator with the assumption of 100% test sensitivity and specificity on the EPITOOLS web platform (Sergeant, 2018). Whiskers show 95% confidence interval of the infection rate; significant differences between groups according to Fisher’s exact test/chi-square test: * p<0.05, ** p<0.001.