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. 2023 Jan 20;14:1100079. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100079

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Copyright © 2023 Chen, Zhang, Lin, Tan, Huang and Liang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The synergistic effects of radiotherapy and ICIs. RT activates the cGAS/STING pathway, promotes APCs, and primes Tils into TME (cold to hot). RT increases MHC expression and changes the immunogenicity of tumors. ICIs reverse inhibitory signals and exhaustion pathways mediated by RT. cGAS, Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase; CTLA-4, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; IFN, Interferon; LN, Lymph node; MHC, Major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, Programmed death 1; PD-L1, Programmed death-ligand 1; STING, Stimulator of interferon genes; TAA, Tumor-associated antigen; TCR, T-cell receptor; Trex1, Three prime repair exonuclease 1.