Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by frailty status at follow-up: the Tromsø study 1994–2016
| Frailty status | P value | ||
| Robust (% (n)) 70.5 (3179) |
Pre-frail/frail (% (n)) 29.5 (1330) |
||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 51.1 (5.1) | 52.8 (5.9) | 0.000* |
| Women | 50.6 (1608) | 55.0 (732) | 0.006 |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smokers | 27.0 (858) | 33.7 (448) | |
| Former smokers | 36.1 (1149) | 34.0 (452) | 0.001 |
| Never | 36.9 (1172) | 32.3 (430) | |
| High physical activity level | 69.5 (2210) | 56.9 (756) | 0.001 |
| Married or cohabiting | 84.3 (2679) | 80.3 (1068) | 0.001 |
| Self-perceived health—good | 75.4 (2394) | 61.5 (818) | <0.001 |
| Social support—enough good friends | 83.1 (2404) | 80.5 (976) | 0.041 |
| Educational level | |||
| Primary/partly secondary | 32.8 (1041) | 42.4 (562) | |
| Upper secondary | 34.3 (1085) | 34.2 (453) | <0.001 |
| College/university short | 16.5 (524) | 12.8 (169) | |
| College/university long | 16.4 (520) | 10.6 (141) | |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Never/abstaining | 9.0 (286) | 11.9 (158) | |
| Infrequent drinker | 76.2 (2419) | 76.6 (1015) | <0.001 |
| Frequent drinker | 14.8 (468) | 11.5 (152) | |
| Prevalent diseases | |||
| Pulmonary disease† | 8.6 (272) | 9.5 (126) | 0.323 |
| Coronary heart disease‡ | 2.3 (73) | 4.5 (59) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 0.4 (12) | 0.6 (8) | 0.300 |
| Cancer | 2.8 (79) | 3.5 (42) | 0.210 |
| Stroke | 0.6 (19) | 0.8 (11) | 0.386 |
| Peptic ulcer | 7.0 (197) | 8.9 (105) | 0.033 |
| Comorbidity | 1.9 (59) | 2.7 (36) | 0.070 |
Values are percentages (numbers); p value: χ2 test for categorical variables.
*Student’s t-test.
†including asthma/chronic bronchitis/emphysema.
‡including angina pectoris/myocardial infarction.