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. 2023 Jan 19;25:e36922. doi: 10.2196/36922

Table 3.

Effect sizes and 95% CIs for web-based interventions on maternal glycemic control.

Outcome or subgroup title References Trials, n Participants, n SMDa (IVb, random, 95% CI) Overall effect, P value Heterogeneity I2 value, %



IGc CGd


1. HbA1ce [26,27,57,59] 4 148 154 −0.98 (−2.199 to 0.239) .12 95.5

1.1 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention technology
4


Subtotals only


1.1.1 Mobile app [26] 1 64 60 −2.368 (−2.829 to −1.908) <.001 N/Af


1.1.2 Website [27,57,59] 3 84 94 −0.49 (−1.341 to 0.36) .26 86.3

1.2 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention interactivity
4


Subtotals only


1.2.1 Interactive interventions [26,57,59] 3 126 132 −0.813 (−2.375 to 0.749) .31 96.9


1.2.2 Noninteractive interventions [27] 1 22 22 −1.50 (−2.172 to −0.828) <.001 N/A

1.3 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention format
4


Subtotals only


1.3.1 Personalized format [26,27,59] 3 118 107 −1.312 (−2.756 to 0.131) .08 95.2


1.3.2 Nonpersonalized format [57] 1 30 47 0.00 (−0.458 to 0.458) .99 N/A

1.4 Sensitivity analysis [26,59] 2 96 85 −1.219 (−3.478 to 1.039) .29 97.6
2. FBGg [16,19,26-28,44,56,58,59] 9 410 380 −1.764 (−2.972 to −0.557) .004 97.9

2.1 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention technology
8


Subtotals only


2.1.1 Mobile app [16,26,28,44,56] 5 302 277 −3.094 (−5.326 to −0.861) .007 98.9


2.1.2 Website [27,58,59] 3 96 91 −0.099 (−0.395 to 0.198) .52 5.2

2.2 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention interactivity
9


Subtotals only


2.2.1 Interactive interventions [19,26,44,56,58,59] 6 233 223 −2.51 (−4.716 to −0.303) .03 98.6


2.2.2 Noninteractive interventions [16,27,28] 3 177 157 −0.389 (−1.05 to 0.271) .25 87

2.3 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention format
9


Subtotals only


2.3.1 Personalized format [26-28,44,56-58] 7 300 283 −2.24 (−3.889 to −0.591) .008 98.3


2.3.2 Nonpersonalized format [16,19] 2 110 97 −0.026 (−0.304 to 0.251) .85 .8

2.4 Sensitivity analysis [16,19,26,44,56,58,59] 7 331 308 −2.124 (−3.771 to −0.478) .01 98.4
3. 1hBGh [27,28,44,56] 4 162 154 −2.077 (−4.568 to 0.415) .10 98.5

3.1 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention technology
4


Subtotals only


3.1.1 Mobile app [28,44,56] 3 140 132 −2.993 (−6.523 to 0.538) .10 98.9


3.1.2 Website [27] 1 22 22 0.58 (−0.023 to 1.184) .06 N/A

3.2 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention interactivity
4


Subtotals only


3.2.1 Interactive interventions [44,56] 2 83 82 −4.529 (−11.792 to 2.733) .22 99.2


3.2.2 Noninteractive interventions [27,28] 2 79 72 0.23 (−0.358 to 0.817) .44 64

3.3 Sensitivity analysis [44,56] 2 83 82 −4.529 (−11.792 to 2.733) .22 99.2
4. 2hBGi [16,19,26,28,44,58,59] 7 328 298 −1.433 (−2.561 to −0.304) .01 97.3

4.1 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention technology
6


Subtotals only


4.1.1 Mobile app [16,26,28,44] 4 242 217 −2.527 (−4.56 to −0.495) .02 98.6


4.1.2 Website [58,59] 2 74 69 −0.017 (−0.346 to 0.312) .92 0

4.2 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention interactivity
7


Subtotals only


4.2.1 Interactive interventions [19,26,44,58,59] 5 173 163 −1.979 (−3.987 to 0.029) .05 98.1


4.2.2 Noninteractive interventions [16,28] 2 155 135 −0.318 (−0.985 to 0.349) .35 86.7

4.3 Subgroup analysis regarding intervention format
7


Subtotals only


4.3.1 Personalized format [26,28,44,58,59] 5 218 201 −2.009 (−3.722 to −0.296) .02 98.1


4.3.2 Nonpersonalized format [16,19] 2 110 97 −0.032 (−0.305 to 0.242) .82 0

4.4 Sensitivity analysis [16,19,26,44,58,59] 6 271 248 −1.598 (−3.012 to −0.185) .03 97.7

aSMD: standardized mean difference.

bIV: inverse variance.

cIG: intervention group.

dCG: control group.

eHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.

fN/A: not applicable.

gFBG: fasting blood glucose.

h1hBG: 1-hour postprandial blood glucose.

i2hBG: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose.