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. 2023 Feb 2;23:65. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-02709-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Johnston’s Pitchfork Analysis. Max: maxilla; ABCH: relative AP movement between mandible and maxilla; Mand: mandible; U1: upper incisors; L1: lower incisors; U6: upper molars; L6: lower molars. Max described the AP movement of cranial base landmark, which represented the change of maxilla. Apical base change (ABCH) described the relative AP movement between mandible and maxilla, and Mand described the AP movement of mandible which was the algebraic sum of Max and ABCH. Similarly, U1, L1, U6 and L6 described the AP movements of incisors and molars. All the changes in position benefit to correct class II malocclusion were counted as plus signs while those worsen the malocclusion were counted as minus signs(11)