Table 2.
Factor loadings obtained by confirmatory factor analysis.
| M | SD | Four first-order factors and | Four-factor | One-factor | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 second-order factor | ||||||||||||
| Hope | Op | Resi | SE | PC | Hope | Op | Resi | SE | ||||
| If I should find myself in a jam, I could think of many ways to get out of it. | 3.215 | 1.183 | 0.838 | 0.832 | 0.812 | |||||||
| Right now, I see myself as being pretty successful. | 2.902 | 1.308 | 0.686 | 0.693 | 0.701 | |||||||
| I can think of many ways to reach my current goals. | 3.445 | 1.206 | 0.756 | 0.754 | 0.742 | |||||||
| I am looking forward to the life ahead of me. | 3.565 | 1.358 | 0.879 | 0.880 | 0.742 | |||||||
| The future holds a lot of good in store for me. | 3.298 | 1.272 | 0.878 | 0.878 | 0.738 | |||||||
| Overall, I expect more good things to happen to me than bad. | 2.98 | 1.235 | 0.743 | 0.741 | 0.699 | |||||||
| I consider myself to be able to stand a lot, and I am not easily discouraged by failure. | 3.406 | 1.313 | 0.789 | 0.791 | 0.746 | |||||||
| I believe that coping with stress can strengthen me. | 3.118 | 1.209 | 0.811 | 0.811 | 0.773 | |||||||
| After serious life difficulties, I tend to quickly bounce back. | 3.443 | 1.222 | 0.637 | 0.634 | 0.637 | |||||||
| I am confident that I could deal efficiently with unexpected events. | 3.152 | 1.203 | 0.814 | 0.819 | 0.785 | |||||||
| I can solve most problems if I invest the necessary effort. | 3.215 | 1.183 | 0.681 | 0.675 | 0.691 | |||||||
| I can remain calm when facing difficulties because I can rely on my coping abilities. | 2.902 | 1.308 | 0.777 | 0.779 | 0.753 | |||||||
| Hope | 0.992 | . | ||||||||||
| Optimism | 0.793 | |||||||||||
| Resilience | 0.960 | |||||||||||
| Self-efficacy | 0.990 | |||||||||||
Op, Optimism; Resi, Resilience; SE, Self-efficacy; PC, PsyCap.