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. 2023 Feb 3;211:105550. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105550

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Mechanisms of nucleolin-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection: 1. SARS-CoV-2 induces nucleolar to cytoplasmic translocation of nucleolin; In the cytoplasm, nucleolin interacts with the viral nucleoprotein and host G3BP1 in stress granules and increases viral proliferation via a direct increase in translation of replication proteins such as G3BP1 (2), nucleoprotein and RdRp (3); Nucleolin mediates viral-induction of apoptosis (4) and cell cycle arrest (5) via stimulation of p53 and Rb.