Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 May 16;1(3):pgac052. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac052

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reproduction and distribution of the work, in any medium, provided the original work is not altered or transformed in any way, and that the work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1. — The dry-lab experiments setup and results. (A) A 3D illustration of the designed auxiliary chamber (AUXC) with three closeups showing the mechanical stirrers (MS) for creating a statistical EM environment (bottom-right), the perforations for vapor flow (bottom-left), and a top view of a product batch with vials selected for moisture analysis in dark-blue (top-left). (B) The measured differential quality factors that evaluate the leakage due to perforations and the behavior of the dielectric loss factor of mannitol at −45°C vs. frequency. (C) The maximum-to-minimum power ratio (MTMPR) evaluated the field variations in the SEM environment. (D) The autocorrelation between the different EM field structures evaluates the independence between the different promoted field structures at 0.5, 3, and 18 GHz. (E) The Anderson Darling (AD) statistical test results are used to measure the lowest usable frequency (LUF) of the auxiliary chamber (AUXC).