Table 3. Kirkpatrick’s model²⁹ for evaluating educational outcomes*.

Kirkpatrick level	Evaluation outcome	Explanation
Level 1	Reaction	Participants’ views of the learning experience and its organization, presentation, content, teaching methods and quality of instruction
Level 2A	Learning - change in attitudes	Changes in attitudes or perceptions among participant groups towards teaching and learning
Level 2B	Learning - modification of knowledge or skills	For knowledge, this relates to the acquisition of concepts, procedures and principles For skills, this relates to the acquisition of thinking and problem-solving, psychomotor and social skills
Level 3	Behavior - change in behavior	Documents the transfer of learning to the workplace or willingness of learners to apply new knowledge and skills
Level 4A	Results - change in the system or organizational practice	Refers to wider changes in the organization attributable to the educational program
Level 4B	Results - change among the participants: students and peers	Refers to improvement in medical student or peer learning or performance as a direct result of the educational intervention

*Adapted from Kirkpatrick (1994).²⁹