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. 2022 Nov 28;119(49):e2211458119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211458119

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Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

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Fig. 4. — Crack resistance. (A) Four directions of crack orientations. (B) The rising resistance R-curves for the cracks. (C) The K_IC and K_JC for the four crack orientations. (D) Comparison of the specific fracture toughness and specific modulus of the ginkgo seed shell in four crack orientations, along with other natural and artificial materials. (E–G) In situ fracture morphology of the single-edge notched sample with the crack orientation of LR, showing the toughening mechanism of both micro-bridging and crack deflection. (E₁–G₁) Higher magnification SEM images of the crack tips corresponding to SEM images E–G.