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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 5.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Metab. 2022 Jun 9;34(7):1042–1053.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.05.007

Figure 4. The effect of fructose-derived glycerate on pancreatic islet cells.

Figure 4.

A & B. H&E staining of pancreas and quantification after 12 weeks of control (197 islets), fructose (159 islets), or glycerate (213 islets) treatment of mice fed on CD.

C - F. Insulin (green) and activated Caspase-3 (red) staining and the quantification of active Caspase-3 positive cells within the islet and other pancreatic regions.

G. Glucagon (green) and activated Caspase-3 (red) staining of the pancreas among mice receiving glycerate treatment.

H. Proinsulin (gree) and activated Caspase-3 (red) staining of the pancreas among mice receiving glycerate treatment.

I. Quantification of the proportion of activated caspase-3 positive cells that were also co-expressing the indicated pancreatic islet cell marker.

J. mRNA expression in isolated mouse islets after 12 weeks of treatment.

K & L. Insulin-Glucagon staining and the quantification of the α-cell to β-cell ratio.

M & N. Insulin-Proinsulin staining and the quantification of the insulin to proinsulin ratio. N = 5 mice for C-N. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. T-test was used for comparison between 2 groups and the post-hoc Tukey correction was performed after ANOVA was used for comparison more than 2 groups.*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, ****: p < 0.0001. See also Figure S4.