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. 2022 Aug 25;118(18):3536–3555. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvac133

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The inflammatory pathways. Chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation activates nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing (NLRP3) inflammasome, leading to the cleavage and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation also promotes endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and vascular injury. All these alterations may contribute to the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). CMD, coronary microvascular dysfunction; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; NO, nitric oxide; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TNF-a, tumour necrosis factor-a; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cell.