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. 2023 Feb 2;15(1):2168101. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2168101

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Pseudo-germ-free mice exhibited diarrhea phenotypes after transplanted with PCD gut microbiota. (a) Attenuated bacterial richness and evenness by reduced α-diversity (observed species and ACE) in PCD patients, compared to HC and NonPCD patients. (b) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot with cluster indicating differential microbial distributions among three groups. (c) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot with cluster demonstrating difference in microbial structure among these groups. (d) Experimental design showing the process of humanized microbiome to pseudo-germ-free mice (n = 6 per group): after gavaged with antibiotic cocktail (ABX) for consecutive 10 days, pseudo-germ-free mice were transplanted with fecal microbiota from 20 individuals including 5 HC, 5 NonPCD patients and 10 PCD patients for 5 times, and 7 days after colonization, diarrheal indexes were measured. (e) Representative photograph displaying remarkably changed fecal appearance of PCD mice (n = 3/group). (f) Whole gastrointestinal transit time in three groups (left panel) and each donor (right panel, n = 5–6), respectively. (g) Fecal water content in three groups (left panel) and individuals (right panel, n = 5–6), respectively. (h) Representative photographs for peristalsis distance of carmine solution in colon of each group 40 min, 60 min and 80 min after the gavage, respectively. (i) Quantification of the peristaltic distance of each group at three timepoints, normalized by the length of colon (n = 12/group). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; *p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .005.