PCD fecal microbiota causes elevated serotonin level and overexpression of 5-HT receptors (5-HTR) in colon of PCD mice. (a) Concentration of 5-HT in serum of three grouped mice, n = 7–8. (b) Quantification of colonic 5-HT level normalized by total protein in mice (n = 7–9/group). (c) Negative correlation with significance between serum 5-HT and gastrointestinal transit time among these groups, r = −0.4503. (d) Significantly negative correlation between colonic 5-HT and gastrointestinal transit time among three groups, r = −0.51. (e) Relative expression of TPH1 to β-actin in colon of mice (n = 6) (f) Colonic expression of SERT to β-actin among three groups (n = 5). (g, h) Colonic expressions of 5-HT receptors relative to β-actin in mice, 5-HT3R (g) and 5-HT4R (h), n = 5 for each group. (i, j) Representative IHC photographs (left panel) of strained 5-HT3R (i) and 5-HT4R (j) in colon and the IHC score (right panel), n = 5/group, upper panel scale bar 100 μm and lower panel 50 μm. (k) Accumulated cAMP level in colon of PCD mice, compared to HC and NonPCD mice, n = 6/group. (l) Negative correlation with significance between colonic cAMP and total GI transit time. Data are expressed in mean ± SEM; * p < .05, **p < .01.