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p53 pathway in glioblastoma multiforme invasion.
The alteration of p53 can be mainly attributed to TP53 mutation, CDKN2A/ARF deletion, and MDM2 amplification, which leads to CSC proliferation, enabling the tumor to escape destruction and evolve into more invasive phenotypes. TP53: tumor protein p53; CDKN2A: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; MDM2: mouse double minute 2; CSC: cancer stem cell.
