Table 2. Autophagy enhancers in clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease.

Drug	ClinicalTrials.gov identifier	Phase	Enrollment (N)	Status	Result	Reference
N/A: Not yet published; Aβ: amyloid-beta; AD: Alzheimer's disease; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; MAPT: microtubule-associated protein tau; MMP9: matrix metalloprotein 9.
Metformin	NCT01965756	2	20	Completed	Metformin benefited cognition symptomatically and modified disease pathology with high safety and good tolerance.	[155]
	NCT04098666	2/3	370	Recruiting	N/A	[156]
	NCT00620191	2	80	Completed	After adjusting for baseline Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale, metformin improved the total recall of the selective reminding test.	[137]
Rapamycin	NCT04629495	2	40	Recruiting	N/A	[157]
	NCT04200911	1	10	Active	N/A	[158]
Lithium	NCT01055392	2	61	Unknown	Lithium-treated patients remained stable on cognition over two years and with a significant increase in CSF Aβ42 after 3 years.	[138,159–160]
	NCT03185208	4	80	Active	N/A	[161]
	NCT02129348	2	77	Completed	Lithium is safe for outcomes. In exploratory analyses, the improvement on lithium was greater than placebo on neuropsychiatric inventory delusions and irritability/lability.	[139–140]
	NCT00088387	2	35	Completed	N/A	[162]
Latrepirdine	NCT00912288	3	86	Terminated	This study was terminated due to the lack of demonstration of efficacy in the completed DIM14 CONNECTION (B1451002/NCT00675623) study.	[163]
	NCT00377715	2	183	Completed	Benefits in ADAS-cog compared with control.	[164]
	NCT00838110	3	742	Completed	Latrepirdine did not significantly improve ADAS-cog and CIBIC-plus.	[165]
Resveratrol	NCT00678431	3	739	Completed	Low-dose resveratrol is safe and well tolerated; however, the role of resveratrol in AD is not clear.	[166]
	NCT01504854	2	119	Completed	Resveratrol reduced CSF MMP9 and Aβ levels, but not MAPT levels. Resveratrol attenuated declines in mini-mental status examination scores.	[167–168]
Nilotinib	NCT02947893	2	42	Unknown	N/A	[169]
Trehalose	NCT04663854	1	20	Recruiting	N/A	[170]