Table 4.

Pain Intensity, Pain Catastrophizing, and BZD Use Outcomes

Linear Regression: BZD Dependence Severity
	β	t	p	ΔR 2	p for ΔR 2
Step 1				.115	<.001**
Sex	.036	.660	.510
Age	.031	.563	.574
Race	.128	2.340	.020*
Education	.294	5.369	< .001**
Step 2				.442	<.001**
Pain Intensitya	.290	6.526	< .001**
Pain Catastrophizingb	.506	11.517	< .001**
Step 3				.001	.418
Pain Intensity × Pain Catastrophizing	−.181	−.812	.418
Linear Regression: Past-Month BZD Use Frequency
	β	t	p	ΔR 2	p for ΔR 2
Step 1				.058	.001*
Sex	−.039	−.687	.493
Age	−.051	−.911	.363
Race	−.166	−2.946	.003*
Education	−.142	−2.519	.012*
Step 2				.036	003*
Pain Intensitya	.208	3.267	.001*
Pain Catastrophizingb	−.151	−2.411	.016*
Step 3				.007	.142
Pain Intensity × Pain Catastrophizing	−.469	−1.471	.142
Logistic Regression: Likelihood of BZD Misuse
Variable	B	SE	AOR	95% CI	p
Step 1
Sex	−.871	.356	.418	.208–.841	.015*
Age	−.011	.015	.989	.960–1.019	.454
Race	−.548	.435	.578	.246–1.356	.208
Education	.864	.168	2.373	1.707–3.299	< .001**
Step 2
Pain Intensitya	.107	.054	1.113	1.002–1.237	.046*
Pain Catastrophizingb	.115	.023	1.122	1.072–1.174	< .001**
Step 3
Pain Intensity × Pain Catastrophizing	.008	.005	1.008	.999–1.017	.093

Note: N = 306. Linear regression: β = standardized beta weights. Logistic regression: Results shown are from the second step of the logistic regression model. Sex: Reference group = female; Race: Reference group = White;

^aGraded Chronic Pain Scale – Characteristic Pain Intensity;

^bPain Catastrophizing Scale total score;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .001.