Table 2:
Overdose and All-Cause Death Counts and Crude Mortality Rates by Receipt of In-Jail MOUDa
| MOUD | Out-of-treatment | Crude rate ratio (95% CI)b | p-valueb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of deaths | Rate (95% CI) | No. of deaths | Rate (95% CI) | |||
| 1-year follow-up | ||||||
| Overdose death | 41 | 0.49 (0.35, 0.66) | 70 | 0.83 (0.64, 1.04) | 0.59 (0.40, 0.87) | 0.01 |
| Heroin-relatedc | 26 | 0.31 (0.20, 0.45) | 59 | 0.70 (0.53, 0.90) | 0.44 (0.28, 0.70) | <0.01 |
| Cocaine-relatedc | 22 | 0.26 (0.16, 0.40) | 37 | 0.44 (0.31, 0.60) | 0.60 (0.35, 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Fentanyl-relatedc | 13 | 0.15 (0.08, 0.26) | 20 | 0.24 (0.14, 0.36) | 0.65 (0.33, 1.31) | 0.23 |
| All-cause deathd | 98 | 1.16 (0.94, 1.42) | 121 | 1.43 (1.17, 1.68) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.13 |
| 1-month follow-up | ||||||
| Overdose death | 7 | 0.59 (0.24, 1.22) | 27 | 2.62 (1.73, 3.81) | 0.23 (0.10, 0.52) | <0.01 |
| Heroin-relatedc | * | 0.34 (0.09, 0.86) | 23 | 2.23 (1.41, 3.35) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.44) | <0.01 |
| Cocaine-relatedc | 6 | 0.51 (0.19, 1.10) | 18 | 1.75 (1.04, 2.76) | 0.29 (0.12, 0.73) | <0.01 |
| Fentanyl-relatedc | * | 0.08 (0.00, 0.47) | 9 | 0.87 (0.40, 1.66) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.76) | 0.03 |
| All-cause death | 12 | 1.01 (0.52, 1.77) | 40 | 3.88 (2.77, 5.29) | 0.26 (0.14, 0.50) | <0.01 |
Notes:
a
Receipt of MOUD versus out-of-treatment was only measured during incarceration.
b
p-values for the exposure (MOUD) were derived from Poisson regression models with number of deaths as an outcome and person-years as an offset variable.
c
Specific drugs that were related with overdose deaths were not mutually exclusive.
d
Other major causes of death include malignant neoplasms (n=14), disease of heart (n=11), and HIV/AIDS (n=6) for MOUD group. For out-of-treatment group, these include malignant neoplasm (n=10), disease of heart (n=8), homicide (n=7).
*
suppressed due to small numbers (≤ 5).