Table 5.
Risk/Protective Factors Examined in Relation to Eating Disorder Psychopathology, Ranked in Order of Strongest Risk Factor to Strongest Protective Factor
| Reference | Risk/Protective Factor | k | N | Pooled Effect Size | I2 | AMSTAR 2 Rating | GRADE Rating | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metric | Estimate | 95% CI | p < .05 | eOR | |||||||
| Potential risk factors (eOR > 1.00) | |||||||||||
| Kehayes et al., 2019 | Evaluative concerns perfectionism | 4 | 1,586 | r | 0.16RE | (0.10, 0.22) | Yes | 1.80 | 32% | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Family/peer modeling of body image and eating disturbances | 2 | 449 | r | 0.16FE | NR | Yes | 1.80 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Dieting | 9 | 10,190 | r | 0.15FE | NR | Yes | 1.73 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Kehayes et al., 2019 | Concern over mistakes | 3 | 571 | r | 0.14RE | (0.06, 0.22) | Yes | 1.67 | 0% | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Body dissatisfaction | 12 | 18,366 | r | 0.13FE | NR | Yes | 1.61 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Perceived pressure to be thin | 5 | 7,895 | r | 0.12FE | NR | Yes | 1.55 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Negative affect | 12 | 18,445 | r | 0.09FE | NR | Yes | 1.39 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Thin-ideal internalization | 4 | 15,128 | r | 0.08FE | NR | Yes | 1.34 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Impulsivity | 4 | 1,669 | r | 0.07FE | NR | Yes | 1.29 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Substance use | 5 | 2,972 | r | 0.07FE | NR | Yes | 1.29 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Kehayes et al., 2019 | Socially prescribed perfectionism | 2 | 409 | r | 0.06RE | (−0.04, 0.16) | No | 1.24 | 0% | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Kehayes et al., 2019 | Personal/parental standards | 5 | 1,418 | r | 0.06RE | (0.01, 0.11) | Yes | 1.24 | 0% | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Kehayes et al., 2019 | Personal standards | 4 | 1,394 | r | 0.04RE | (−0.06, 0.13) | No | 1.16 | 66% | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Stice, 2002 | Body mass | 11 | 11,063 | r | 0.04FE | NR | Yes | 1.16 | NR | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
| Potential protective factors (eOR < 1.00) | |||||||||||
| Colmsee et al., 2021 | Self-esteem | 9 | 3,711 | r | −0.09RE | (−0.14, −0.03) | Yes | 0.73 | 61% | ★☆☆☆ | ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ |
Note. CI = confidence interval; eOR = equivalent odds ratio; OR = odds ratio; RR = risk ratio; RE = random effects model; FE = fixed effects model; NR = not reported.
k represents the number of samples; N represents the number of participants; I2 represents heterogeneity. AMSTAR 2 rating indicates overall methodological quality of the review, where ★☆☆☆ = critically low, ★★☆☆ = low, ★★★☆ = moderate, and ★★★★ = high. GRADE rating indicates quality of evidence for the specific risk/protective factor, where ⊕ ◯ ◯ ◯ = very low, ⊕ ⊕ ◯ ◯ = low, ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ◯ = moderate, and ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ = high.