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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Oct 18;20(2):81–100. doi: 10.1038/s41575-022-00685-9

Fig. 3 ∣. Influence of the gut microbiota on inflammatory bowel disease activity.

Fig. 3 ∣

Antibiotics shape the microbiota and increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)150-158,161. Normal microbiota constituents cleave sulfa-diazo bonds to release the active moiety of the IBD treatment sulfasalazine186,187. IBD and non-IBD medications (for example, antibiotics, sulfasalazine, thiopurines, hormonal therapy, etc.) affect IBD risk or activity, either directly or with the influence of gut microorganisms (for example, xenobiotics)150-158,161,175-180,183,184,186-190,240-242. Early investigational data suggest efficacy for crude faecal microbiota transplantation in IBD management, although the precise mechanism is unknown191,193,243. The original version of this figure was created with BioRender.com.