Table 2.
Participant characteristics by group. Values shown are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise noted. Statistical significance determined by Kruskal-Wallis H test or Chi-square test at a significance level of 0.05. Abbreviations: NGT = normal glucose tolerance group; IGT = impaired glucose tolerance group; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus group; OGTT = oral glucose tolerance test; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; CTX = carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen; P1NP = amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen; ucOC = undercarboxylated osteocalcin; n/a = not applicable. Adapted from (39).
| Characteristics | NGT | IGT | T2DM | NGT vs. IGT |
NGT vs. T2DM |
IGT vs. T2DM |
Chi-Square Test of Independence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 35 | 26 | 25 | ||||
| Anthropometric | |||||||
| Age (years) | 64.8 ± 6.8 | 64.4 ± 5.4 | 63.8 ± 6.2 | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 76.4 ± 14.6 | 94.0 ± 22.9 | 94.3 ± 16.4 | p = 0.003 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Height (cm) | 160.8 ± 6.7 | 165.6 ± 6.5 | 160.9 ± 5.9 | p = 0.022 | p = 0.058 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 5.6 | 34.3 ± 8.4 | 36.5 ± 6.9 | p = 0.019 | p < 0.001 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | χ2 (6) = 19.883; p = 0.003 | ||||||
| White, n (%) | 27 (77) | 13 (50) | 6 (24) | ||||
| Black, n (%) | 8 (23) | 11 (42) | 17 (68) | ||||
| Asian, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Hispanic, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Other, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | ||||
| Bone Densitometry, DXA | |||||||
| Lumbar Spine (g/cm2) | 1.18 ± 0.17 | 1.28 ± 0.23 | 1.28 ± 0.19 | ||||
| Total Hip (g/cm2) | 0.99 ± 0.13 | 1.03 ± 0.13 | 1.09 ± 0.14 | p = 0.021 | |||
| Femoral Neck (g/cm2) | 0.93 ± 0.10 | 0.94 ± 0.12 | 1.00 ± 0.14 | ||||
| T2DM Status at Baseline Visit | |||||||
| T2DM dx duration (years) | n/a | n/a | 14.5 ± 8.4 | n/a | n/a | n/a | |
| OGTT (mg/dL) | 95.5 ± 18.2 | 163.5 ± 29.8 | n/a | < 0.001 | n/a | n/a | |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.4 | 9.1 ± 2.2 | p = 0.008 | < 0.001 | ||
| T2DM-related Drugs | |||||||
| Insulin, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 25 (100) | χ2 (2) = 86; p << 0.001 | |||
| Insulin duration (years) | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 9.3 ± 8.4 | ||||
| Metformin, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (56) | χ2 (2) = 40.802; p << 0.001 | |||
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | ||||
| Other Supplements | |||||||
| Calcium, n (%) | 8 (23) | 6 (23) | 3 (12) | ||||
| Vitamin D, n (%) | 13 (37) | 11 (42) | 11 (44) | ||||
| Multi-vitamin, n (%) | 15 (43) | 10 (38) | 4 (16) | ||||
| Statin, n (%) | 8 (23) | 9 (35) | 12 (48) | ||||
| Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), n (%) | 15 (43) | 7 (27) | 12 (48) | ||||
| Serum and Urinary Parameters | |||||||
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/mL) | 33.46 ± 9.41 | 33.23 ± 10.11 | 30.64 ± 7.31 | ||||
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.81 ± 0.16 | 0.87 ± 0.20 | 0.84 ± 0.16 | ||||
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.44 ± 0.30 | 9.51 ± 0.42 | 9.44 ± 0.39 | ||||
| Phosphorous (mg/dL) | 3.65 ± 0.49 | 3.48 ± 0.51 | 3.57 ± 0.66 | ||||
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 73.57 ± 17.95 | 72.96 ± 19.84 | 88.08 ± 24.09 | p = 0.041 | p = 0.055 | ||
| Parathyroid Hormone (pg/mL) | 28.77 ± 13.00 | 39.93 ± 17.59 | 33.48 ± 16.66 | p = 0.028 | |||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.49 ± 16.29 | 80.81 ± 13.46 | 80.08 ± 15.99 | ||||
| P1NP (ng/mL) | 58.78 ± 23.65 | 57.83 ± 18.62 | 44.20 ± 14.07 | p = 0.014 | p = 0.013 | ||
| CTX (ng/mL) | 0.32 ± 0.18 | 0.31 ± 0.22 | 0.22 ± 0.11 | p = 0.043 | |||
| Sclerostin (pmol/L) | 238.34 ± 98.96 | 224.50 ± 68.44 | 229.95 ± 101.36 | ||||
| ucOC (ng/mL) | 3.53 ± 2.00 | 3.15 ± 2.13 | 2.66 ± 2.37 | p = 0.027 | |||
| Pentosidine (nmol/L) | 56.25 ± 15.94 | 51.49 ± 13.54 | 53.89 ± 13.80 |