Table 3.

Comparisons of nanoindentation outcomes (mean ± standard deviation) in NGT and T2DM groups in cortical and trabecular bone stratified by tissue region.

Parameter	NGT	T2DM	% difference vs. NGT	p-value (NGT vs. T2DM)
Indentation Modulus (GPa)
Cortical bone	15.4 ± 3.18	16.8 ± 3.16	9	0.021
Osteonal bone	15.2 ± 3.22	16.3 ± 3.15	7	0.252
Interstitial bone	15.5 ± 3.06	17.3 ± 3.10	12	0.035
Trabecular bone	14.3 ± 2.87	14.0 ± 2.71	−2	0.482
Label	13.0 ± 2.96	12.7 ± 2.36	−2	0.992
Edge	14.5 ± 2.80	13.9 ± 2.70	−4	0.921
Center	15.5 ± 2.46	15.3 ± 2.42	−1	0.999
Hardness (GPa)
Cortical bone	0.498 ± 0.0997	0.538 ± 0.107	8	0.039
Osteonal bone	0.497 ± 0.105	0.526 ± 0.107	6	0.434
Interstitial bone	0.498 ± 0.0815	0.551 ± 0.106	11	0.062
Trabecular bone	0.495 ± 0.0934	0.480 ± 0.0931	−3	0.473
Label	0.482 ± 0.108	0.471 ± 0.0916	−2	0.995
Edge	0.486 ± 0.0875	0.462 ± 0.0913	−5	0.862
Center	0.516 ± 0.0848	0.509 ± 0.0902	−1	0.999