Fig. 4.

Metabolite levels in global white matter (WM) in all patientsvs. all controls. Boxplots displaying 1st, 2nd (median), and 3rd quartiles (box), ±95% (whiskers), and means (●) of Cho, Cr, mI, and NAA distributions within frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe WM between all patients and their matched controls. Note the statistically significant findings in the occipital lobe (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05), with small-to-moderate effect sizes (Cohen’s d), and visually elevated Cho and Cr in all lobes (i.e., greater means and medians in patients compared to controls).