Table 1.

Application of laccase in fabrication of biosensors for detection of organic pollutants.

Laccase source	Immobilization support	Electrode used	Analyte	Detection range (μM)	LOD (μM)	Response time (s)	Storage stability and reusability	Ref
A. oryzae	AuNPs/poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)	Carbon paste	Dopamine	0.49–23.0	0.26			[319]
-	AuNPs-MoS2	Glassy carbon electrode (GCE)	Catechol	2 to 2000	2	100	90% activity after 30 days, 97% after 10 cycles and RSD of 1.2% and 0.7% for 10 assays and 5 electrodes	[320]
A. oryzae	PEI-AuNPs	GCE	Catechol	0.36–11.00	0.03		80% after 90 days and 150 assays	[302]
			Guaiacol	0.79–17.42	0.03
			Pyrogallol	1.74–19.60	0.14
			Hydroquinone	2.90–22.00	0.21
C. unicolor	poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) gel	Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)	Oxygen in solutions	Reduction signals of 0.79 V and 0.38 V at T1 and T2 respectively				[321]
T. Versicolor	poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI) microcapsules with p-phenylenediamine (PPD) mediator	GCE	Oxygen in solutions				73% after 6 months of storage	[322]
T. versicolor	Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles		Catechol	5.0–70.0	2	2400		[199]
	Au/Mxene NPs	GCE	Catechol	0.05–0.15	0.05	10.98	89.6% after 15 days of storage and RSD of 2.21% for 9 assays	[323]
T. versicolor	Bacterial cellulose-AuNPs	GCE	Hydroquinone	0.03–0.1	0.00571		96% after 3 months storage, RSD of 2.65% for 3 electrodes and 3.17% for 3 assays	[324]
R.vernicifera sp.	TiO2–CuC NFs	GCE	Hydroquinone	1–89.8	3.65	5	107.8% after 1 week and 93.45% after 1 month. RSD of 2.69% and 1% for 3 biosensors and 9 assays respectively	[312]
T. versicolor	MnONPs-graphene nanoplates nanocomposite		Caffeic acid	5–320	1.9		77.1% after 1 week, RSD of 3.97% and 1.84% for 10 biosensors and 3 assays	[325]
	Cu/C NFs	GCE	Catechol	9.95–9760	1.18	5	100% and 95.9% after 4 and 22 days, RSD of 4.35% for 3 assays	[326]
T. versicolor	Nafion	DROPSENS cells screen printed electrodes	Catechol	1.2–120	0.43	100	92% after 98 days, RSD 6.08% for 9 electrodes	[327]
			Caffeic acid	3–15	2.5
			Chlorogenic acid	3–15	2.8
			Gallic acid	2–7	1.55
			Rosmarinic acid	3–15	2.4
T. versicolor	Mg-MCM-41/PVA	Gold	Catechol	0.94–10.23	0.00531	14	90% after 30 days, RSD 5.2% and 4.6% for 10 electrodes and 30 assays	[328]
T. versicolor	PANI/CMC/cellulose	GCE	Catechol	0.497–2270	0.374	8	98% after 2 weeks, RSD of 2.23% and 3.03% for 5 assays and 5 electrodes	[329]
T. versicolor	PANI	Screen printed electrode (SPE)	Bisphenol A	0.004–4	0.004	100		[330]
	MWCNTs-Ag@ZnO nanocomposites	Carbon SPE	Bisphenol A	0.5–2.99	0.6	25	71.02% after 10 days, RSD of 0.86% for 3 assays	[331]
T. versicolor	Carbon black	Carbon SPE	Catechol	2.5–50	2	0.5	100% after 90 days storage at roomtemperature, 100% after 25 assays	[316]
T. versicolor	MWCNTs	Carbon SPE	Bisphenol A	0.84–12	0.84		87% after 1 month, RSD 5.3% for 3 electrodes	[185]
Coriolus hirsuta	MWCNTs	Carbon SPE	Catechol	0.0–0.102		5	100% after 20 days storage, 77% after 10 cycles	[332]
T. versicolor	CS/silica-magnetic MWCNT	Carbon paste	Catechol	0.1–165	0.034	50	90% after 45 days, RSD 3.01% for 35 assays over 29 days	[333]
T. versicolor	CS-MWCNTs nanocomposite	GCE	Catechol	0.1–50	0.02		92% and 85% after 1 week and 1 month respectively. RSD 3.03% for 20 assays	[334]
Ganoderma lucidium	NiNPs/cMWCNTs/PANI	Gold	Guaiacol	0.1–500	0.05	8	85% after 200 cycles in a space of 120 days	[317]
T. versicolor	MWCNT-COOH/AuNPs-SDBS-PEDOT	GCE	Catechol	0.1–0.5	0.11			[335]
				11.99–94.11	12.26
T. versicolor	MWCNTs	Carbon paste	Pirimicarb	0.99–11.5	0.18	1200		[194]
P. ostreatus	SWCNT/C-quantum dots	GCE	17a-ethynylestradiol	0.05–7	0.004		96.8% after 10 cycles	[336]
	Reduced GO (rGO)- Sb2O5		Estriol	0.025–1.03	0.011	4	84% and 52% after 1 and 2 months storage. RSD of 2.84% and 4.37% for 10 assays and 5 electrodes	[337]
	Magnetic graphene/PANI (PANI/MG)	GCE	Hydroquinone	0.4–337.2	2.94	5	96.7% after 2 weeks storage. RSD of 4.3% and 1.95 for 3 electrodes and 20 assays	[338]
T. versicolor	Graphene-Cellulose Microfiber	Carbon SPE	Catechol	0.2–209.7	0.085	2	96.8% after 132 h. RSD 2.6% for 5 electrodes	[339]
R. vernicifera	AuNPs-graphene nanoplates	Carbon SPE	Hydroquinone	4–130	1.5		100% after 5 days. RSD of 2% and 3% for 5 assays and electrodes respectively	[278]
T. versicolor			∗Mercury	49.9–600	74.8			[55]
T. versicolor	rGO	GCE	Dopamine	0.0–3	0.091		89.7% after 30 days storage, RSD 2.1% for 3 electrodes	[340]
T. versicolor	N-doped carbon hollow spheres (NCHS)/CS composite film	GCE	Calcium lignosulfonate (lignin in kraft effluent)	370–19000	120		95% after 1 week storage	[315]
T. versicolor	polyazetidine prepolymer (PAP)/MWCNTs	SPE	Catechol	0.64–20.73	0.18	10		[341]
T. versicolor	Nafion/MWCNTs	SPE	Catechol	1.36–65.45	0.45	10		[341]
T. versicolor	MWCNTs	SPE	Catechol	2.36–134.73	0.73	10		[341]
Agaricus bisporus	AuNPs	Gold disk electrode (GDE)	Dopamine	0.5–13.0	0.029		100% after 1 week, RSD 2.7% and 3.2% for 7 assays and 5 electrodes	[101]
				47.0–430.0
	AuNPs	Carbon SPE	Tartrazine	0.2–14	0.04	120	95.5% and 81.3% after 10 days and 1 month. RSD of 2.37% and 8.54% for 5 assays and electrodes respectively	[15]
	Montmorillonite	GCE	Catechol	1–10	0.89	10	RSD of 3.58% for 10 assays	[342]
T. versicolor	3,3′-Dithiodipropionic acid di (Nsuccinimidyl ester) (DTSP)	Gold	Hydroquinone	3–15	0.89	50	96% and 93% after 50 cycles and 6 weeks storage. RSD of 3.1% for 5 electrodes	[343]
T. versicolor	(3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPTS)	Gold	Hydroquinone	0.9–20	0.25	50	99% and 97% after 50 cycles and 6 weeks storage. RSD of 3.0% for 5 electrodes	[343]
T. versicolor		Gold	Hydroquinone	3–15	0.91	50	89% and 87% after 50 cycles and 6 weeks storage. RSD of 2.6% for 5 electrodes	[343]
T. versicolor	PANI	GCE	Catechol	3.2–19.6	2.07			[311]
T. versicolor	MWCNTs-silica spheres	SPE	Dopamine	1.3–85.5	0.42		91% and 86% after 10 and 30 days storage. RSD of 4.7% for 5 assays	[344]
T. versicolor	Titania NPs	Graphite	Catechol	0.75–150	0.75	60	94% and 69% after 7 and 22 days. RSd of 7% for 6 assays	[164]
T. versicolor	polyazetidine prepolymer (PAP)-MWCNTs nanocomposite	SPE	Dopamine	0.80–4.13	0.24		50% after 6 days	[310]
			Catechol	0.07–2.28	0.02
			Gallic acid	1.07–49.16	0.32
			Caffeic acid	0.03–0.79	0.01
T. hirsuta	polyazetidine prepolymer (PAP)-MWCNTs nanocomposite	SPE	Dopamine	0.03–6.00	0.008		50% after 6 days	[310]
			Catechol	0.01–0.95	0.003
			Gallic acid	0.79–19.9	0.24
			Caffeic acid	0.03–0.60	0.01
T. versicolor		GCE	Gallic acid	0.24–117.6	0.24	100	50% fater 5 days. RSD of 2.8% for 5 assays	[306]
			Caffeic acid	0.0056–0.56	0.56
Ganoderma sp.	CuNPs/CS/MWCNTs/PANI	Gold	Guaiacol	1–500	0.156	4	80% after 300 assays over 7 months. RSD of 2.6% for 6 assays	[318]
T. versicolor	Mesoporous silica	GCE	Catechol	2.0–100	2	120	100% after 50 days storage	[305]
T. versicolor	CS-MWCNTs film	Gold	Rosmarinic acid	0.91–12.1	0.233	120	90% after 15 cycles. RSD of 5.62% for 10 assays	[345]
			Caffeic acid	0.735–10.5	0.151
			Chlorogenic acid	0.793–6.71	0.161
			Gallic acid	0.79–2.1	0.79
Pycnoporus sanguineus	CuTAPc-Fe3O4 NPs	Sensor head with oxygen sensing membrane	Adrenaline	0.2–0.9	0.01	30	85% after 1 month storage	[296]
				0.01–0.09
A. oryzae	Sol-gel	Carbon ceramic electrode (CCE)	Methomyl	0.5–12.2	0.2		100% for 450 assays over 2 months. RSD of 5.7% and 4.3% for 10 assays and 5 electrodes	[109]
A. oryzae	CS-tripolyphosphate microspheres	Carbon paste	Rutin	0.6–3.92	0.0623		930 assays over 320 days	[314]
				5.83–13.1	0.712		RSD 3.1% for 9 assays
A. oryzae	Cellulose acetate	Carbon paste	Methyldopa	34.8–370.3	5.5		90% after 60 days. RSD of 1.5% and 4.3% for 6 assays and 5 electrodes	[313]
T. versicolor	Cu-ordered mesoporous carbon/CS	Gold	Catechol	0.67–15.75	0.67		99% and 95% after 15 and 30 days storage. RSD 2.01% for 6 assays	[307]
Ganoderma sp	Epoxy resin membrane	Platinum	Guaiacol	0.5–50	0.3	30	60% after 200 assays in 10 months. RSD	[304]
			Polyphenols in fruit juices	0.81–1.92
			Polyphenols in alcoholic beverages	1.9–3.0
Rigidoporus lignosus	Hydrophilic matrix	GCE	Hydroquinone	0–500		60	100% after 100 working days	[116]
			Catechol	0–500
			Caffeic acid	0–500
			Catechin	0–100
			Quercetin	0–100
			Guaiacol	0–500
			Vanillic acid	0–500
			Pyrogallol	0–500
			Gallic acid (in olive oil mill waste water)	0–500
T. versicolor	Methylene blue-mesoporous silica	Gold	Catechol	4–87.98	0.331	4		[346]
Ganoderma sp	AgNPs/MWCNTs/PANI	Gold	Phenolic content in tea, alcoholic beverages and pharmaceutical formulations	0.1–500	0.1	6	80% after 200 assays in 4 months. RSD of 2.3% for 5 assays	[347]
γ-Proteobacterium JB	Nitrocellulose membrane		Catechol	40–90			100% after 3 months
			Catechin	40–60
			L-methyl DOPA	30–70
T. versicolor	Zn–Cr–ABTS	GCE	Dissolved oxygen	0.06–4	0.06		RSD 8% for 6 assays	[24]
T. versicolor	Polytetrafluoroethylene membranes	Oxygen electrode	Guaiacol	91.3–400	91.3		40% and 40% after 50 assays and 20 days	[160]
	3-methyl2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone (MBTH) films		Catechol	500–8000	330	600	98% after 2 months storage. RSD 5.3% for 8 electrodes	[348]
Denilite		Platinum	Hydroquinone	0.2–35	0.05	2	80% after 60 days. RSD 3.1% for 7 assays	[349]
			Homogentisic acid	1–50	0.3
T. versicolor	PVP-CLECs	Gold	Phenols	50–1000		120	40% after 30 cycles	[309]
T. versicolor	PANI	Platinum	Phenol	0.4–6	0.4	300		[159]
			Catechol	0.2–1	0.2
			L-DOPA	2–20	2
A. niger	PANI	Platinum	Phenol	0.4–4	0.4	300		[159]
			Catechol	0.4–15
			L-DOPA	0.4–6
Agaricus bisporus	PANI	Platinum	Phenol	1–10	1	300		[159]
			Catechol	0.4–1.6	0.4
			L-DOPA	1–10	1
T. versicolor		Graphite	Catechol	1–10	0.23		RSD 1% and 11% for 12 assays and 6 electrodes	[87]
R. vernicifera		Platinum	ABTS	0.5–15	0.5	3	80% after 2 months	[86]
			p-phenylenediamine	0.5–20	0.05
T. hirsute	Nafion	GCE	Hydroquinone	0.1–3	0.035	87	80% after 5 days	[350]
Denilite		Platinum	p-phenylenediamine	0.14–29	0.045	2	80% after 2 months. RSD for 2.8% and 2.6% for 7 assays for PPD and PAP respectively	[46]
			p-aminophenol (PAP)	0.12–22	0.04
C. unicolor		Graphite	Caffeic acid	1–10	0.56			[308]
			Prodelphinidin B3	1–10	0.43
			Epicatechin gallate	1–10	0.54
			Catechin	4–40	4.36
			Epicatechin	2–60	2.44
Denilite		GCE	PPD	0.15–30	0.04	2	80% after 2 months	[351]
Botryris cinerea	Gelatin	O2 sensing electrode	Hydroquinone	0–8000			96% after 500 assays	[352]

^∗used UV-Vis spectroscopy using Caffeic acid as an electron donor.