Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| All (n = 368) | Survivors (n = 196) | Non-survivors (n = 172) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 73.0 (65.0, 78.0) | 73.0 (65.4, 78.6) | 73.5 (65.0, 78.0) | 0.83 |
| Female sex no. (%) | 123 (33.4) | 67 (34.2) | 56 (32.6) | 0.83 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 (23.6, 29.9) | 26.3 (23.9, 29.4) | 27.5 (23.4, 30.1) | 0.63 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension no. (%) | 278 (76.4) | 145 (74.4) | 133 (78.7) | 0.40 |
| Smoking status no. (%) | 122 (33.5) | 71 (36.4) | 51 (30.2) | 0.25 |
| Diabetes no. (%) | 107 (29.4) | 60 (30.8) | 47 (27.8) | 0.62 |
| Dyslipidaemia no. (%) | 132 (36.3) | 70 (35.9) | 62 (36.7) | 0.96 |
| CVD no. (%) | 22 (6.0) | 16 (8.2) | 6 (3.6) | 0.10 |
| Obstructive CAD no. (%) | 253 (68.8) | 137 (69.9) | 116 (67.4) | 0.69 |
| Severe AS | 96 (26.4) | 49 (25.4) | 47 (27.5) | 0.74 |
| Mode of admission to the hospital | ||||
| Urgent admission no. (%) | 109 (29.6) | 57 (29.1) | 52 (30.2) | 0.90 |
| Elective admission no. (%) | 121 (32.9) | 68 (34.7) | 53 (30.8) | 0.50 |
| Transfer from other hospital no. (%) | 138 (37.5) | 71 (36.2) | 67 (39.0) | 0.67 |
| CPR variables | ||||
| Cumulative duration (min) | 6.0 (2.0, 17.3) | 3.0 (1.0, 7.0) | 15.0 (7.0, 30.6) | < 0.001 |
| Recurrent CPR events no. (%) | 87 (23.6) | 28 (14.3) | 59 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
| CPR in-time (8 pm-6am) no. (%) | 203 (56.5) | 119 (63.0) | 84 (49.4) | 0.013 |
| CPR location | ||||
| Ward no. (%) | 94 (25.8) | 43 (22.2) | 51 (29.8) | 0.12 |
| ICU no. (%) | 151 (41.4) | 76 (39.2) | 75 (43.9) | 0.42 |
| Catheterization laboratory no. (%) | 45 (12.3) | 31 (16.0) | 14 (8.2) | 0.036 |
| Emergency room no. (%) | 7 (1.9) | 4 (2.1) | 3 (1.8) | 1.00 |
| Operating room no. (%) | 68 (18.6) | 40 (20.6) | 28 (16.4) | 0.37 |
| Reason for CPR | ||||
| STEMI no. (%) | 20 (5.4) | 11 (5.6) | 9 (5.2) | 1.00 |
| NSTEMI no. (%) | 15 (4.1) | 10 (5.1) | 5 (2.9) | 0.42 |
| Coronary artery dissection/perforation no. (%) | 9 (2.4) | 5 (2.6) | 4 (2.3) | 1.00 |
| Bypass graft insufficiency/stenosis no. (%) | 11 (3.0) | 6 (3.1) | 5 (2.9) | 1.00 |
| Aortic dissection/rupture no. (%) | 6 (1.6) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (2.3) | 0.57 |
| Pulmonary embolism no. (%) | 2 (0.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 2 (1.2) | 0.42 |
| Hypoxia no. (%) | 44 (12.0) | 24 (12.2) | 20 (11.6) | 0.98 |
| Cardiogenic shock no. (%) | 88 (23.9) | 34 (17.3) | 54 (31.4) | 0.002 |
| Decompensated AS | 14 (3.8) | 6 (3.1) | 8 (4.7) | 0.60 |
| Myocardial rupture/perforation no. (%) | 5 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) | 4 (2.3) | 0.29 |
| Pericardial effusion/tamponade no. (%) | 18 (4.9) | 11 (5.6) | 7 (4.1) | 0.66 |
| Transplant rejection no. (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.95 |
| Septic shock no. (%) | 13 (3.5) | 3 (1.5) | 10 (5.8) | 0.053 |
| Volume deficiency/haemorrhagic shock no. (%) | 34 (9.2) | 15 (7.7) | 19 (11.0) | 0.35 |
| Allergic shock no. (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0 |
| Neurological disorder no. (%) | 4 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.7) | 0.53 |
| Metabolic disorder no. (%) | 15 (4.1) | 6 (3.1) | 9 (5.2) | 0.43 |
| Suicide/intoxication no. (%) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0 |
| Initial rhythm | ||||
| VF no. (%) | 49 (13.3) | 31 (15.8) | 18 (10.5) | 0.18 |
| VT no. (%) | 29 (7.9) | 16 (8.2) | 13 (7.6) | 0.98 |
| Asystole no. (%) | 107 (29.1) | 63 (32.1) | 44 (25.6) | 0.20 |
| PEA no. (%) | 62 (16.8) | 18 (9.2) | 44 (25.6) | < 0.001 |
| AVB III° no. (%) | 7 (1.9) | 5 (2.6) | 2 (1.2) | 0.56 |
| Sinus rhythm no. (%) | 10 (2.7) | 8 (4.1) | 2 (1.2) | 0.16 |
| Undefined rhythm no. (%) | 105 (28.5) | 56 (28.6) | 49 (28.5) | 1.00 |
| Therapeutic interventions | ||||
| Epinephrine no. (%) | 295 (81.7) | 133 (69.3) | 162 (95.9) | < 0.001 |
| Cumulative duration of antibiotic therapy (days) | 3.0 (1.0, 10.1) | 1.0 (0, 5.0) | 7.0 (1.0, 12.0) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary angiogram no. (%) | 91 (24.7) | 61 (31.1) | 30 (17.4) | 0.0036 |
| Time to coronary angiogram (min) | 55 (39.0, 111.7) | 60.0 (39.9, 125.6) | 54.0 (26.5, 61.0) | 0.25 |
| First ECG after return of spontaneous circulation | ||||
| Number with ESC after ROSC | ||||
| ST-elevation no. (%) | 51 (20.2) | 33 (19.0) | 18 (22.8) | 0.59 |
| ST-depression no. (%) | 101 (39.9) | 66 (37.9) | 35 (44.3) | 0.41 |
| T-wave inversion no. (%) | 144 (56.9) | 99 (56.9) | 45 (57.0) | 1.0 |
| Pathological Q-wave no. (%) | 47 (18.6) | 26 (14.9) | 21 (26.6) | 0.042 |
| LBBB no. (%) | 45 (17.8) | 34 (19.5) | 11 (13.9) | 0.37 |
| RBBB no. (%) | 38 (15.0) | 26 (14.9) | 12 (15.2) | 1.0 |
| Broad QRS-complex no. (%) | 35 (13.8) | 14 (8.0) | 21 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
| AFib no. (%) | 45 (17.8) | 25 (14.4) | 20 (25.3) | 0.053 |
| Tachycardia no. (%) | 40 (15.8) | 15 (8.6) | 25 (31.6) | < 0.001 |
| Bradycardia no. (%) | 28 (11.1) | 19 (10.9) | 9 (11.4) | 1.0 |
| AVB III° no. (%) | 14 (5.5) | 11 (6.3) | 3 (3.8) | 0.61 |
| Pacemaker activity no. (%) | 51 (20.2) | 40 (23.0) | 11 (13.9) | 0.13 |
| MCS | ||||
| ROSC without MCS no. (%) | 291 (79.1) | 188 (95.9) | 103 (59.9) | < 0.001 |
| VA-ECMO no. (%) | 45 (12.2) | 14 (7.1) | 31 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Impella® no. (%) | 5 (1.4) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.45 |
| ECMELLA, 1 step no. (%) | 9 (2.4) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (2.9) | 0.84 |
| ECMELLA, 2 steps no. (%) | 6 (1.6) | 1 (0.5) | 5 (2.9) | 0.16 |
| IABP no. (%) | 10 (2.7) | 6 (3.1) | 4 (2.3) | 0.91 |
| VAD no. (%) | 7 (1.9) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (3.5) | 0.088 |
| Neurological outcome | ||||
| mRS 0–1 points | 117 (62.9) | 117 (62.9) | 0 (0) | |
| mRS 2–3 points | 26 (14.0) | 26 (14.0) | 0 (0) | |
| mRS 4–5 points | 43 (23.1) | 43 (23.1) | 0 (0) | |
AFib atrial fibrillation, AS aortic stenosis, AVB atrioventricular block, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CVD cardiovascular disease, ECMELLA combination of veno-arterial extracorporeal life support system and the Impella® left ventricular assist device, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, ICU intensive care unit, LBBB left bundle branch block, MCS mechanical circulatory support, mRS modified Rankin scale, NSTEMI non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, PEA pulseless electrical activity, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, STEMI ST-elevation myocardial infarction, VAD ventricular assist device, VA-ECMO veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, VF ventricular fibrillation, VT ventricular tachycardia