Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug 4;21(5):1281–1292.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.07.031

Table 3.

Correlates of overall survival – 5-month landmark (without and with type of first HCC treatment)

Overall survival (Without first HCC treatment) n=6644 HR (95% CI) Overall survival (with first HCC treatment) n=6644 HR (95% CI)
Delayed treatment 1.15 (1.05,1.25) 1.07 (0.98,1.17)
Age at diagnosis
65 – 69 years Ref Ref
70 – 74 years 1.15 (1.06,1.24) 1.16 (1.07,1.25)
75 – 79 years 1.31 (1.21,1.41) 1.25 (1.16,1.36)
80 years and older 1.44 (1.33,1.57) 1.36 (1.25,1.48)
Male 1.13 (1.06,1.20) 1.10 (1.04,1.18)
Race and ethnicity
White Ref Ref
Black 0.84 (0.63,1.11) 0.79 (0.58,1.07)
Asian 0.83 (0.73,0.93) 0.79 (0.69,0.90)
Hispanic 1.40 (1.08,1.82) 1.32 (1.03,1.69)
Other/Unknown 0.75 (0.64,0.89) 0.78 (0.66,0.92)
Neighborhood-level SES
Low poverty neighborhoods Ref Ref
Moderate poverty neighborhoods 1.04 (0.96,1.12) 1.02 (0.94,1.10)
High poverty neighborhoods 1.07 (0.97,1.18) 1.02 (0.92,1.13)
Interaction of race, ethnicity, and poverty
Black#Moderate poverty neighborhoods 1.17 (0.83,1.64) 1.19 (0.83,1.70)
Black#High poverty neighborhoods 1.33 (0.96,1.84) 1.31 (0.93,1.86)
Asian#Moderate poverty neighborhoods 0.99 (0.83,1.19) 1.05 (0.87,1.27)
Asian#High poverty neighborhoods 0.93 (0.75,1.16) 0.97 (0.77,1.23)
Hispanic#Moderate poverty neighborhoods 0.94 (0.67,1.32) 0.96 (0.69,1.33)
Hispanic#High poverty neighborhoods 0.72 (0.51,1.01) 0.72 (0.52,1.01)
Geographic region
West Ref Ref
Northeast 0.94 (0.87,1.01) 0.97 (0.90,1.05)
Midwest 1.10 (0.99,1.22) 1.12 (1.01,1.25)
South 1.08 (0.99,1.18) 1.16 (1.06,1.27)
Metropolitan status
Metro > 1 million Ref Ref
Metro 250,000 – 1 million 1.03 (0.96,1.11) 1.03 (0.96,1.10)
Metro <250,000 1.02 (0.91,1.15) 0.99 (0.87,1.11)
Non-Metro 0.92 (0.83,1.03) 0.93 (0.83,1.04)
Tumor Staging
Unifocal <=5 cm without vascular invasion and metastasis Ref Ref
Beyond unifocal without vascular invasion and metastasis 1.58 (1.47,1.69) 1.46 (1.36,1.57)
Vascular invasion or metastasis 2.16 (1.87,2.49) 2.15 (1.84,2.52)
Non-determinable 1.96 (1.80,2.14) 1.83 (1.68,2.00)
NCI comorbidity index
0 Ref Ref
1 1.04 (0.95,1.13) 1.04 (0.95,1.14)
2 1.02 (0.93,1.12) 1.03 (0.93,1.13)
3 1.07 (0.97,1.17) 1.08 (0.98,1.19)
4 1.20 (1.06,1.36) 1.14 (0.99,1.31)
>=5 1.27 (1.14,1.42) 1.22 (1.09,1.37)
Liver disease etiology
HCV Ref Ref
HBV 0.68 (0.60,0.78) 0.72 (0.62,0.82)
Alcohol related liver disease 1.06 (0.96,1.18) 1.05 (0.95,1.16)
Other liver diseases 0.90 (0.74,1.10) 0.96 (0.79,1.17)
MAFLD 1.01 (0.93,1.08) 1.04 (0.97,1.12)
No identifiable liver disease 1.06 (0.96,1.17) 1.12 (1.01,1.24)
Liver dysfunction
Presence of hepatic encephalopathy 1.06 (0.93,1.21) 1.08 (0.95,1.23)
Presence of ascites 1.15 (1.04,1.27) 1.07 (0.96,1.18)
First HCC treatment type
Liver transplantation 0.33 (0.26,0.43)
Surgical resection 0.49 (0.45,0.53)
Local ablation 0.82 (0.76,0.89)
Embolization Ref
Systemic chemotherapy 1.56 (1.44,1.69)
Radiation 1.56 (1.34,1.82)