Table 2.
Demographic characteristics
| Training cohort | Testing cohort | Validation cohort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NonInvasion | Invasion | p value* | NonInvasion | Invasion | p value | NonInvasion | Invasion | p value* | |
| N = 172 | N = 60 | N = 73 | N = 25 | N = 30 | N = 22 | ||||
| Gender | 0.041 | 0.032 | 0.107 | ||||||
| Female | 124 (72.1%) | 34 (56.7%) | 54 (74.0%) | 12 (48.0%) | 17 (56.7%) | 18 (81.8%) | |||
| Male | 48 (27.9%) | 26 (43.3%) | 19 (26.0%) | 13 (52.0%) | 13 (43.3%) | 4 (18.2%) | |||
| Age | 56.0 [47.0; 62.0] | 59.5 [53.8; 64.0] | 0.016 | 55.0 [48.0; 61.0] | 59.0 [54.0; 64.0] | 0.110 | 57.0 [52.0; 64.0] | 60.5 [53.5; 65.0] | 0.295 |
| Center | 0.302 | 1.000 | 0.317 | ||||||
| Absent | 84 (48.8%) | 24 (40.0%) | 32 (43.8%) | 11 (44.0%) | 19 (63.3%) | 10 (45.5%) | |||
| Present | 88 (51.2%) | 36 (60.0%) | 41 (56.2%) | 14 (56.0%) | 11 (36.7%) | 12 (54.5%) | |||
| AxisMaxLength | 1.02 [0.80; 1.24] | 1.53 [1.19; 1.95] | < 0.001 | 1.01 [0.84; 1.30] | 1.56 [1.17; 1.97] | < 0.001 | 1.29 [0.95; 1.67] | 1.28 [1.18; 1.63] | 0.453 |
| Distance | 0.99 [0.29; 1.82] | 0.74 [0.00; 1.56] | 0.193 | 0.68 [0.29; 1.49] | 0.66 [0.00; 1.20] | 0.427 | 0.50 [0.00; 1.71] | 1.27 [0.59; 1.86] | 0.187 |
| Burr | 0.001 | 0.001 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Absent | 170 (98.8%) | 53 (88.3%) | 71 (97.3%) | 18 (72.0%) | 27 (90.0%) | 20 (90.9%) | |||
| Present | 2 (1.16%) | 7 (11.7%) | 2 (2.74%) | 7 (28.0%) | 3 (10.0%) | 2 (9.09%) | |||
| Lobe | 0.001 | 0.014 | 0.299 | ||||||
| Absent | 170 (98.8%) | 53 (88.3%) | 72 (98.6%) | 21 (84.0%) | 29 (96.7%) | 19 (86.4%) | |||
| Present | 2 (1.16%) | 7 (11.7%) | 1 (1.37%) | 4 (16.0%) | 1 (3.33%) | 3 (13.6%) | |||
| Vacuole | 0.224 | 0.050 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Absent | 163 (94.8%) | 54 (90.0%) | 72 (98.6%) | 22 (88.0%) | 29 (96.7%) | 21 (95.5%) | |||
| Present | 9 (5.23%) | 6 (10.0%) | 1 (1.37%) | 3 (12.0%) | 1 (3.33%) | 1 (4.55%) | |||
| Pleura Involve | 0.017 | 0.255 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Absent | 172 (100%) | 57 (95.0%) | 73 (100%) | 24 (96.0%) | 29 (96.7%) | 22 (100%) | |||
| Present | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (5.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (4.00%) | 1 (3.33%) | 0 (0.00%) | |||
| MeanCT | −562.50 [−634.72; −480.93] | −501.25 [−545.38; −413.53] | < 0.001 | −508.80 [−588.00; −407.60] | −471.90 [−567.20; −408.10] | 0.544 | −597.55 [−638.65; −551.20] | −493.10 [−566.88; −391.80] | < 0.001 |
| Clinical | 0.497 | 0.855 | 0.475 | ||||||
| Absent | 130 (75.6%) | 42 (70.0%) | 53 (72.6%) | 17 (68.0%) | 23 (76.7%) | 14 (63.6%) | |||
| Present | 42 (24.4%) | 18 (30.0%) | 20 (27.4%) | 8 (32.0%) | 7 (23.3%) | 8 (36.4%) | |||
| Smoke | 0.071 | 0.004 | 0.161 | ||||||
| No | 146 (84.9%) | 44 (73.3%) | 66 (90.4%) | 16 (64.0%) | 22 (73.3%) | 20 (90.9%) | |||
| Yes | 26 (15.1%) | 16 (26.7%) | 7 (9.59%) | 9 (36.0%) | 8 (26.7%) | 2 (9.09%) | |||
*p value is derived from statistical analyses between each of variables and groups. p value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Values are presented as no. (%) or mean (95%CI). Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used for the categorical variable. A Student’s t test, Mann–Whitney U-test or Kruskal–Wallis H-test were used for the continuous variable