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. 2023 Feb 3;13:1971. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27481-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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There were 3 overlapping themes (portability, phenotyping workflow/process, and (use of) technology. For each theme, sub-themes are shown in boxes with further sub-themes within each box listed as bullet points. For each lesson, if a technology was mentioned as being used, but there was no issue with the technology itself, the use of technology was simply noted. NLP natural language processing, cTAKES text analysis and knowledge extraction system.