Table 2.

Synthesis of biphenyl with different aryl halides under optimal conditions in the presence of Fe-Ben/PVP-DVB/Pd nanocatalyst.

Entry	Reactant	Time (h)	Product	Yield (%)a	TON	TOF
1		0.25		98	326.6	1306.4
2		0.25		93	310	1240
3		0.25		96	320	1280
4		0.25		98	326.6	1306.4
5		0.25		90	300	1200
6		0.25		65	216.6	886.4
7		0.25		78	260	1040
8		1.5		87	290	193.3
9		2.5		75	250	100
10		2.5		70	233.3	93.32

Reaction condition: 0.6 mmol phenylboronic acid, 0.4 mmol K₂CO₃, 0.5 mmol of aryl halide in 2 mL solvent (EtOH/H₂O1:1), and in the presence of 0.3 mol% Pd nanocatalyst at 60 °C.

^aIsolated yield. TON: (yield of product/per mol of Pd). TOF: (TON/time of reaction).