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. 2023 Feb 3;8:56. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01330-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Phenotypes of Osteoarthritis (OA). Clinic evidence shows that the majority of OA patients have a diversity of OA phenotypes, including articular cartilage erosion, synovial hyperplasia, abnormal angiogenesis, synovial inflammation, subchondral bone disturbance, ligaments and tendons instability, and joint stiffness. Left-half side shows the structure of the normal synovial joint. Right-half side showed the possible alterations of synovial joint structure and symptoms in osteoarthritis